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Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial.
author David A. Holland
date Sat, 22 Dec 2007 17:52:45 -0500
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1 <!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 3.2//EN">
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2 <HTML>
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3 <HEAD>
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4 <TITLE>Stack Class Definition</TITLE>
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5 </HEAD>
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6
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7
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8 <BODY BGCOLOR="#ffffff" BACKGROUND="tilbl6h.gif"
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9 TEXT="#000000" LINK="#0033CC"
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10 VLINK="#CC0033" ALINK="#CC0099">
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11
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12 <P>
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13 <IMG ALIGN="right" SRC="../images/agrsl6c.gif" ALT="AnaGram"
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14 WIDTH=124 HEIGHT=30 >
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15 <BR CLEAR="all">
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16 Back to :
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17 <A HREF="../index.html">Index</A> |
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18 <A HREF="index.html">Class libraries for examples</A>
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19 <P>
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20 <IMG ALIGN="bottom" SRC="../images/rbline6j.gif" ALT="----------------------"
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21 WIDTH=1010 HEIGHT=2 >
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22 <P>
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23
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24 <H1>Stack Class Definition</H1>
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25
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26 <IMG ALIGN="bottom" SRC="../images/rbline6j.gif" ALT="----------------------"
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27 WIDTH=1010 HEIGHT=2 >
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28 <P>
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29 <BR>
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30 <H2>Introduction</H2>
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31
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32 stack&lt;class T&gt; is a template class that facilitates the use
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33 of push down stacks. Each stack is actually a stack of
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34 stacks: by incrementing a level counter, a fresh stack can be
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35 started on top of an existing one. When the level counter is
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36 decremented the previous stack is restored. Multiple levels
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37 allow stacks to be nested, a convenience in recursive
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38 programs such as parsers.
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39 <P>
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40 <BR>
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41
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42 <H2>Constructors</H2>
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43
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44 The constructor for stack&lt;class T&gt; takes two unsigned integer
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45 arguments: The maximum number of elements that can be stored
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46 on the stack and the maximum number of levels. If the level
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47 count is not specified it will default to 1. For example:
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48 <PRE>
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49 stack&lt;int&gt; arguments(100,10);
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50 class widget {
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51 .
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52 .
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53 .
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54 };
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55 stack&lt;widget&gt; widget_stack(200,20);
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56 stack&lt;class T&gt; paths(25);
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57 </PRE>
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58 These definitions provide for a stack of ints with room for
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59 up to one hundred numbers in up to 10 levels, 200 widgets in
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60 up to twenty levels. and 25 character string pointers in a
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61 single level.
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62 <P>
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63 <BR>
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64
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65 <H2>Error Checking</H2>
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66
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67 All stack operations are protected by "assert" statements, so
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68 that improper use as well as overflow conditions will be
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69 detected and diagnosed.
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70 <P>
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71 <BR>
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72
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73 <H2>Changing Levels</H2>
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74
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75 If you have a multilevel stack, you may use the "++" operator
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76 to increment the level and protect the previous contents.
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77 When you are done, you use the "--" operator to decrement the
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78 level and restore the previous contents of the stack. This
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79 effectively allows you to build a nested stack in such a way
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80 that when you are done the previous stack is restored. This
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81 technique is very useful in recursive functions and in
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82 recursive grammars. For example,
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83 <PRE>
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84 ++widget_stack; //protect previous content
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85 --widget_stack; //restore previous content
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86 </PRE>
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87 The pre-increment and pre-decrement operators return a
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88 reference to the stack so that operations can be combined.
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89 <P>
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90 Post-increment and post-decrement operators are also defined
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91 for convenience in use, however they the result of these
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92 operations can only be used for reading data, not for
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93 changing the state of the stack.
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94 <P>
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95 Note that the first level of a stack need not be initialized,
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96 since the increment and decrement operators cannot be used on
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97 a single level stack.
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98 <P>
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99 <BR>
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100
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101 <H2>Pushing Data on a Stack</H2>
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102
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103 To push data onto the stack, use the overloaded "&lt;&lt;"
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104 operator. For example, using the stack definitions above, you
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105 may write:
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106 <PRE>
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107 widget w, v;
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108 widget_stack &lt;&lt; w &lt;&lt; v;
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109 int k,n;
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110 arguments &lt;&lt; n;
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111 arguments &lt;&lt; k &lt;&lt; 2;
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112 </PRE>
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113 The "&lt;&lt;" operator returns a reference to the stack to make
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114 chaining possible.
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115 <P>
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116 <BR>
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117
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118 <H2>Popping Data from a Stack</H2>
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119
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120 To pop data from the stack, use the overloaded "&gt;&gt;" operator:
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121 <PRE>
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122 widget w, v;
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123 widget_stack &gt;&gt; v &gt;&gt; w;
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124 int k,n;
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125 arguments &gt;&gt; k &gt;&gt; n;
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126 </PRE>
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127 Remember that the stack is last in, first out.
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128
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129 The "&gt;&gt;" operator also returns a reference to the stack to
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130 make chaining possible.
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131 <P>
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132 <BR>
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133
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134 <H2>Accessing Stack Elements</H2>
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135
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136 To inspect or change a particular element on the stack, use
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137 the overloaded "[ ]" operator:
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138 <PRE>
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139 widget w = widget_stack[k];
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140 widget_stack[k] = w;
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141 </PRE>
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142 An index of zero yields the top element on the stack, one
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143 yields the next lower element and so forth. The index must be
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144 less than the number of elements at the current level, so
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145 that you cannot trespass on a lower level.
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146 <P>
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147 You may also use the cast operator to refer to the top
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148 element of the stack:
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149 <PRE>
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150 widget w = (widget *) widget_stack;
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151 </PRE>
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152 <P>
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153 <BR>
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154
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155 <H2>Number of Elements on a Stack</H2>
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156
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157 To determine the number of elements at the current level of
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158 the stack, use "size":
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159 <PRE>
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160 int n = size(widget_stack);
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161 </PRE>
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162 <P>
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163 <BR>
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164
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165 <H2>Resetting a Stack</H2>
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166
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167 The overloaded function reset() can be used to reset a stack
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168 to its initial state. reset() returns a reference to the
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169 stack so that operations can be combined:
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170 <PRE>
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171 widget w;
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172 reset(widget_stack) &lt;&lt; w;
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173 </PRE>
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174 <P>
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175 <BR>
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176
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177 <IMG ALIGN="bottom" SRC="../images/rbline6j.gif" ALT="----------------------"
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178 WIDTH=1010 HEIGHT=2 >
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179 <P>
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180 <IMG ALIGN="right" SRC="../images/pslrb6d.gif" ALT="Parsifal Software"
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181 WIDTH=181 HEIGHT=25>
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182 <BR CLEAR="right">
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183 <P>
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184 Back to :
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185 <A HREF="../index.html">Index</A> |
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186 <A HREF="index.html">Class libraries for examples</A>
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187
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188 <P>
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189 <ADDRESS>
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190 <FONT SIZE=-1>AnaGram parser generator - examples</FONT>
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191 <BR><FONT SIZE=-1>Class libraries - Stack class definition</FONT>
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192 <BR><FONT SIZE=-1>Copyright &copy; 1993-1999, Parsifal Software.</FONT>
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193 <BR><FONT SIZE=-1>All Rights Reserved.</FONT>
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194 <BR>
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195 </ADDRESS>
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196 </BODY>
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197 </HTML>
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198