annotate doc/manual/winsum.tex @ 0:13d2b8934445

Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial.
author David A. Holland
date Sat, 22 Dec 2007 17:52:45 -0500
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1 \chapter{Alphabetic Listing of Windows}
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2
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3 \index{Windows}
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4 The following paragraphs summarize the windows AnaGram provides. More
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5 detailed descriptions may be found in Chapters 5, 6 and 7. In addition
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6 to these windows AnaGram always provides a window to allow you to
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7 inspect your syntax file. It is always listed in the \agmenu{Browse}
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8 menu.
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9
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10 \index{Trace}\index{Auxiliary Trace}\index{Window}
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11 \paragraph{Auxiliary Trace.}
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12 \agwindow{Auxiliary Trace} windows may be accessed through the
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13 \agmenu{Auxiliary Windows} popup menu for most windows which display
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14 parser state information. The \agwindow{Auxiliary Trace} is a
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15 prebuilt \agwindow{Grammar Trace} showing one of perhaps many ways to
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16 get to the state identified by the cursor bar in the active window.
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17
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18 When obtained from the \agwindow{Parser Stack} pane of the
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19 \agwindow{File Trace} or \agwindow{Grammar Trace}, the
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20 \agwindow{Auxiliary Trace} is simply a copy of the current status of
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21 the trace so you can explore alternatives while still retaining the
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22 status of the original trace for reference.
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23
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24 \index{Window}\index{Character Map}
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25 \paragraph{Character Map.}
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26 The \agwindow{Character Map} table shows you the mapping of input
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27 characters to token numbers. The \agcode{ag{\us}tcv} table in your
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28 parser is based on the information in this table.
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29
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30 \index{Character Sets}\index{Window}
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31 \paragraph{Character Sets.}
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32 This table lists all of the distinct character sets which you defined,
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33 implicitly or explicitly, in your grammar. Each line in the table
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34 describes one such set.
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35
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36 \index{Window}\index{Configuration Parameters}
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37 \paragraph{Configuration Parameters.}
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38 The \agwindow{Configuration Parameters} window lists the configuration
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39 parameters AnaGram accepts with their current values, as set by the
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40 configuration files it has read and by the most recent syntax file it
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41 has analyzed. This window does not include the color settings for the
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42 screen, which are controlled separately by the \agwindow{Set Colors}
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43 window.
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44 % XXX should expand that to say it doesn't include the user interface
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45 % preferences, because it's not just colors but fonts and other things.
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46
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47 \index{Trace}\index{Window}\index{Conflict Trace}
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48 \paragraph{Conflict Trace.}
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49 You may select a \agwindow{Conflict Trace} window from the
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50 \agmenu{Auxiliary Windows} menu of either a \agwindow{Conflicts} or
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51 \agwindow{Resolved Conflicts} window. The \agwindow{Conflict Trace}
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52 is a ready-made \agwindow{Grammar Trace} which shows you one of
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53 perhaps many ways to get to the state which has the conflict you
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54 selected. The use of this window is explained more fully in Chapter
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55 7.
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56
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57 \index{Conflicts}\index{Window}
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58 \paragraph{Conflicts.}
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59 The \agwindow{Conflicts} window lists the conflicts which AnaGram
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60 found in your grammar. The table identifies the parser states in which
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61 it found conflicts, the reducing tokens for which it had more than one
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62 option, and the marked rules which characterize each such option. If
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63 AnaGram was able to resolve a conflict by using
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64 \index{Precedence declarations}\agparam{precedence} or
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65 \index{Sticky declaration}\agparam{sticky} declarations, the conflict
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66 will be listed in the
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67 \index{Resolved Conflicts}\index{Window}\agwindow{Resolved Conflicts}
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68 window instead.
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69
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70 % XXX that should be ``Conflicts window'', not ``menu'', right?
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71 The \agmenu{Auxiliary Windows} menu for the Conflicts menu includes a
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72 number of options specially designed to help in identifying the source
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73 of conflicts. These are the \agwindow{Conflict Trace}, the
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74 \agwindow{Reduction Trace}, the \agwindow{Expansion Chain}, the
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75 \agwindow{Rule Derivation} and the \agwindow{Token Derivation}
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76 windows. The use of these windows is explained more fully in Chapter
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77 7.
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78
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79 \paragraph{Control Panel.}
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80 The \agwindow{Control Panel} is the main AnaGram window. It contains
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81 pull down menus to provide access to AnaGram functionality. In
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82 addition there is a panel of buttons to invoke the most frequently
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83 used AnaGram functions. A text box can be used to enter text to
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84 search for. Next to the text box are buttons that implement forward
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85 and reverse searching. Searching is always in the most recently
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86 active AnaGram window.
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87
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88 \index{Trace}\index{Window}\index{Error Trace}
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89 \paragraph{Error Trace.}
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90 If you (1) turn on the
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91 \index{Error trace}\index{Configuration switches}\agparam{error trace}
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92 configuration switch for your grammar, (2) build a parser from your
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93 grammar, (3) run the parser and encounter a syntax error, your parser
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94 will checkpoint the parser stack to a file. If you then run AnaGram
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95 again and analyze the grammar, AnaGram will read the checkpoint file
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96 and prepare a pre-built \agwindow{Grammar Trace} (see below) which
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97 shows how your parser got to the state where it encountered the error.
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98 % XXX get rid of ``(see below)'', or maybe change it to ``window''
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99
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100 \index{Expansion Chain}\index{Window}
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101 \paragraph{Expansion Chain.}
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102 The \agwindow{Expansion Chain} window is available in the
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103 \agmenu{Auxiliary Windows} menu from any window that contains
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104 expansion rules. Its purpose is to show how a particular expansion
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105 rule in a particular state derives from a characteristic rule for that
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106 state. The first rule in the window is a characteristic rule for the
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107 given state. Each subsequent rule is produced by the marked token in
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108 the preceding rule. The last rule is the rule selected by the cursor
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109 bar in the parent window.
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110
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111 \index{Expansion Rules}\index{Window}
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112 \paragraph{Expansion Rules.}
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113 The \agwindow{Expansion Rules} window is available in the
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114 \agmenu{Auxiliary Windows} menu from any window that identifies
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115 tokens. It displays a complete left expansion of the selected token
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116 if the token is nonterminal. That is, it is a list of rules that
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117 begins with all the rules produced by the token followed by all the
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118 rules produced by the first token of any rule in the list.
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119 % XXX ...clear as mud.
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120
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121 \index{Trace}\index{Window}\index{File Trace}
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122 \paragraph{File Trace.}
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123 Select the \agwindow{File Trace} window from the \agmenu{Action} menu.
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124 The \agwindow{File Trace} window lets you see precisely how your
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125 grammar parses a test file. You can see the contents of the parse
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126 stack at any point in the parse. You can watch the parse progress at
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127 any level of detail you choose. If you wish, you may back up and try
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128 again. When AnaGram runs the \agwindow{File Trace} it also builds a
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129 \index{Trace Coverage}\index{Coverage}\agwindow{Trace Coverage} table.
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130
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131 Note that AnaGram normally uses a number of short-cut parsing actions.
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132 To make the parse look like a textbook parse, set the
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133 \index{Traditional engine}\index{Configuration switches}
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134 \agparam{traditional engine} configuration parameter in your syntax file.
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135
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136 \index{Trace}\index{Window}\index{Grammar Trace}
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137 \paragraph{Grammar Trace.}
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138 The \agwindow{Grammar Trace} facility of AnaGram allows you to examine
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139 the workings of your parser in detail. Using the various options
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140 associated with this window you can set up a representation of the
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141 parser state stack and parser state as they might appear in the course
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142 of execution of your parser. You can then examine the possible inputs
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143 and the changes to the state and the state stack caused by any input
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144 you choose.
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145
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146 You can select input options interactively and see how the parser
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147 stack changes. You can back up and try other options. You can also
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148 enter text directly in the text entry field. By selecting an
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149 \agwindow{Auxiliary Trace} from the popup menu in the \agwindow{Parser
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150 Stack} pane, you can compare the results of different sequences of
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151 input starting at the same point. You may bypass AnaGram's parser
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152 optimization by setting the
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153 \index{Traditional engine}\index{Configuration switches}
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154 \agparam{traditional engine}
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155 configuration switch in your syntax file. When AnaGram runs the
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156 \agwindow{Grammar Trace} it also builds a \agwindow{Trace Coverage}
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157 table or updates the existing one if one already exists.
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158
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159 The use of the \agwindow{Grammar Trace} is described in detail in
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160 Chapter 5.
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161
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162 \index{Help}\index{Help Topics}\index{Window}
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163 \paragraph{Help Topics.}
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164 The \agwindow{Help Topics} window is an alphabetical list of all the
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165 help topics in AnaGram's help file. Some help topics can be accessed
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166 by more than one key word, so there are actually a few more entries in
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167 this table than there are help topics.
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168
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169 There is an entry for the \agwindow{Help Topics} window in the
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170 \agmenu{Help} menu.
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171
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172 \index{Keyword Anomalies}\index{Window}
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173 \paragraph{Keyword Anomalies.}
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174 This window is available only if your grammar has keyword anomalies.
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175 Each entry in the \agwindow{Keyword Anomalies} window consists of two
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176 lines. The first line identifies the parser state in which the
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177 anomaly occurs and the offending keyword. The second line identifies
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178 the grammar rule which the keyword may erroneously reduce.
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179
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180 \index{Trace}\index{Window}\index{Keyword Anomaly Trace}
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181 \paragraph{Keyword Anomaly Trace.}
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182 The \agwindow{Keyword Anomaly Trace} window is a prebuilt
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183 \agwindow{Grammar Trace} accessible through the \agmenu{Auxiliary
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184 Windows} menu from the
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185 \index{Keyword Anomalies}\index{Window}\agwindow{Keyword Anomalies}
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186 window. This trace shows one of perhaps many ways to get to the state
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187 which has the keyword anomaly selected in the \agwindow{Keyword
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188 Anomalies} window.
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189
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190 \index{Keywords} \index{Window}
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191 \paragraph{Keywords.}
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192 A \agwindow{Keywords} window is accessible from the
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193 \agmenu{Auxiliary Windows} popup menu of any window that identifies
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194 parser states. It displays all the keywords the parser will recognize
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195 in that state, regardless of whether they are used as shift or as
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196 reducing tokens.
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197
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198 \index{Partition Sets}\index{Window}
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199 \paragraph{Partition Sets.}
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200 In the \agmenu{Browse} menu, \agwindow{Partition Sets} lists all the
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201 partition sets that cover the character universe. In an
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202 \agmenu{Auxiliary Windows} menu, \agwindow{Partition Sets} shows the
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203 partition sets that cover the character set identified in the parent
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204 window.
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205
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206 \index{Window}\index{Previous States}
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207 \paragraph{Previous States.}
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208 A \agwindow{Previous States} window can be accessed via the
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209 \agmenu{Auxiliary Windows} menu from any window which identifies
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210 parser states. It shows the defining rules for all the states which
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211 jump to the specified state.
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212
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213 \index{Window}\index{Productions}
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214 \paragraph{Productions.}
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215 The \agwindow{Productions} window can be accessed using the
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216 \agmenu{Auxiliary Windows} menu from any window that identifies
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217 tokens. If the selected token is a nonterminal, the
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218 \agwindow{Productions} window will display all the grammar rules it
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219 produces.
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220
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221 \index{Reduction Procedures}\index{Window}
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222 \paragraph{Reduction Procedures.}
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223 The \agwindow{Reduction Procedures} window lists all of the reduction
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224 procedures you have defined in your grammar. Each line of the table
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225 gives the C/C++ function prototype. When this window is active, the
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226 syntax file window is synchronized with the cursor to show you the
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227 text of the reduction procedure.
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228
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229 \index{Window}\index{Reduction States}
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230 \paragraph{Reduction States.}
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231 A \agwindow{Reduction States} window can be accessed via the
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232 \agmenu{Auxiliary Windows} popup menu from most windows which display
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233 marked rules with a specified state. In this case, if the highlighted
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234 rule is complete, that is, there is at is no marked token, the
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235 \agwindow{Reduction States} window will show you all the possible
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236 states the parser could go to on reducing the rule.
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237 % XXX ``is at is no''?
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238 % XXX s/on reducing/upon reducing/
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239
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240 \index{Reduction Trace}\index{Trace}\index{Window}
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241 \paragraph{Reduction Trace.}
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242 A \agwindow{Reduction Trace} window can be requested using the
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243 \agmenu{Auxiliary Windows} popup menu from a \agwindow{Conflicts}
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244 window or a \agwindow{Resolved Conflicts} window. The
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245 \agwindow{Reduction Trace} is coordinated with the \agwindow{Conflict
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246 Trace} window, so that the \agwindow{Reduction Trace} shows the result
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247 of reducing the selected rule in the \agwindow{Conflict Trace} window.
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248
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249 \index{Resolved Conflicts}\index{Window}
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250 \paragraph{Resolved Conflicts.}
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251 AnaGram creates the \agwindow{Resolved Conflicts} window only when the
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252 grammar it is analyzing has conflicts and when some of those conflicts
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253 have been resolved by precedence rules or by use of the
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254 \agparam{sticky} directive. In this case, it will list, in the
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255 \agwindow{Resolved Conflicts} window, the conflicts that were resolved
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256 and the way in which they were resolved. Rules which your parser will
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257 observe are marked with asterisks. Those which your parser will
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258 ignore will not be so marked. Any unresolved conflicts will be listed
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259 in the \agwindow{Conflicts} window.
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260
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261 \index{Rule Context}\index{Window}
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262 \paragraph{Rule Context.}
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263 A \agwindow{Rule Context} window can be requested using the
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264 \agmenu{Auxiliary Windows} menu from any window that identifies
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265 grammar rules. It shows the usage of all tokens that produce the
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266 selected rule.
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267
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268 \index{Rule Coverage}\index{Window}\index{Coverage}
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269 \paragraph{Rule Coverage.}
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270 If you have enabled the
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271 \index{Rule coverage}\index{Configuration switches}\agparam{rule coverage}
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272 configuration switch, your parser will have the capability of counting
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273 the number of times each rule in the grammar is reduced during
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274 execution of your parser. The \agwindow{Rule Coverage} option on the
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275 \agmenu{Browse} menu will be enabled so you can select a rule count
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276 file.
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277 % XXX s/execution of your parser/execution/
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278 % XXX s/have the capability of counting/will be able to count/
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279
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280 % XXX s/menu, from the/menu of the/ ?
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281 \index{Rule Derivation}\index{Window}
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282 \paragraph{Rule Derivation.}
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283 You may select a \agwindow{Rule Derivation} from the \agmenu{Auxiliary
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284 Windows} menu, from the \agwindow{Conflicts} window, the
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285 \agwindow{Resolved Conflicts} window, or the \agwindow{Keyword
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286 Anomalies} window. The purpose of this window is to show how a
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287 particular conflict or ambiguity arises in your grammar. AnaGram
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288 develops this window in conjunction with the \agwindow{Token
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289 Derivation} window which you may also select.
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290
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291 Position the cursor bar on a
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292 \index{Completed rule}\index{Rule}\agterm{completed rule},
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293 that is, one with no marked token. If you don't, AnaGram will scan
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294 down the table for the next completed rule. The \agwindow{Rule
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295 Derivation} and the \agwindow{Token Derivation} show you two sequences
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296 of productions, both deriving from one original rule, which
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297 demonstrate how the conflict arises. One sequence of productions, the
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298 \agwindow{Rule Derivation}, shows how the completed rule derives from the
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299 original rule. The other sequence of productions, the \agwindow{Token
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300 Derivation}, shows how the reducing token derives from the original
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301 rule. These derivations are discussed in greater detail in Chapter 7.
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302
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303
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304 \index{Set Elements}\index{Window}
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305 \paragraph{Set Elements.}
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306 The \agwindow{Set Elements} window can be accessed through the
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307 \agmenu{Auxiliary Windows} menu in a window that identifies a
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308 character set, a partition set, or a terminal token. The
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309 \agwindow{Set Elements} window shows the numeric code and screen
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310 representation for each element of the set. In the case of a terminal
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311 token, the character set displayed is the character set corresponding
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312 to the terminal token. If you select \agwindow{Set Elements} in a
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313 window that identifies tokens, and the selected token is nonterminal,
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314 AnaGram will simply beep.
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315
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316 \index{State Definition}\index{Window}
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317 \paragraph{State Definition.}
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318 The \agwindow{State Definition} window can be accessed through the
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319 \agmenu{Auxiliary Windows} menu in any window that identifies a state
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320 but does not provide its characteristic rules. The format is the same
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321 as that in the \agwindow{State Definition Table}, except that it is
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322 limited to a single state.
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323
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324 \index{State Definition Table}\index{Window}
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325 \paragraph{State Definition Table.}
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326 The \agwindow{State Definition Table} lists, for each parser state,
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327 all of the characteristic rules which define that state. The rules are
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328 displayed with the marked token in a distinctive font.
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329 \index{Rule}\index{Completed rule}\index{Rule}If there is no
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330 marked token, the rule is complete. Otherwise, the marked token found
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331 to continue the match.
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332 % XXX ``the marked token found to continue the match''?
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333 % (yes, this is how it is in the wordperfect version)
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334 % it also said ``with a the marked token'' but I fixed that.
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335
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336 Each line contains the state number, the rule number, and finally the
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337 rule itself. The state number field is blank if it is the same as the
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338 state number on the previous line. The cursor bar is synched with the
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339 syntax file to show the grammar rule in context.
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340
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341 \index{State Expansion}\index{Window}
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342 \paragraph{State Expansion.}
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343 The \agwindow{State Expansion} window may be accessed using the
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344 \agmenu{Auxiliary Windows} menu from any window that identifies a state.
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345 It shows the complete set of expansion rules for the state, consisting
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346 of the union of the set of characteristic rules and the sets of
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347 expansion rules for the token to the right of the mark in each
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348 characteristic rule. The \agwindow{State Expansion} window shows all
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349 possible legal input to your parser in the given state.
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350
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351 % XXX \index{Show statistics} ?
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352 \paragraph{Statistical Summary.}
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353 While your grammar is being analyzed, a \agwindow{Statistical Summary}
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354 window pops up to show the progress of the analysis. Unless you have
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355 turned off the \agparam{show statistics} switch on the
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356 \agmenu{Options} menu, this window will remain on-screen for
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357 reference. Among other things it shows you the number of rules and
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358 states in your grammar, and the number of conflicts and warnings, if
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359 any.
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360
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361 Note that if your grammar is small and you have the \agparam{show
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362 statistics} switch disabled, the appearance of this window on your
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363 monitor may be exceedingly brief - you may just see a flash.
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364 % XXX or nothing at all.
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365
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366 If the window is turned off or you have closed it, you can get it from
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367 the \agmenu{Browse} menu.
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368
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369 \index{Symbol Table}\index{Window}
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370 \paragraph{Symbol Table.}
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371 The \agwindow{Symbol Table} lists all the symbols you used in your
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372 grammar. Symbols may be used, of course, to identify tokens,
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373 definitions, or virtual productions or to provide alternative names
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374 for tokens.
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375
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376 Each line in this table identifies a single symbol. The first field
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377 is the token number, if any. This is followed by the name. If the
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378 name identifies a set expression or virtual production, it is followed
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379 by an equal sign and the expression or virtual production.
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380
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381 \index{Token Derivation}\index{Window}
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382 \paragraph{Token Derivation.}
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383 See \agwindow{Rule Derivation}.
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384
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385 \index{Token Table}\index{Window}
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386 \paragraph{Token Table.}
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387 The \agwindow{Token Table} lists all the tokens of your grammar. The
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388 first field is the token number. It is followed by a flag field which
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389 is ``zl'' if the token is a nonterminal token and is zero length. If
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390 the token is nonterminal and not zero length, the flag field contains
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391 ``nt''. If the token is a terminal token, the field is blank. The
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392 next field is blank unless the token has been declared
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393 \agparam{sticky} or has had a precedence level assigned. If the token
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394 is sticky, this field will contain ``s''. If a precedence level has
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395 been assigned, this field will contain the letter ``l'', ``r'', or
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396 ``n'' to indicate associativity followed by the precedence level.
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397 Finally there is the data type of the semantic value of this token and
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398 the token representation.
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399
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400 \index{Token Usage}\index{Window}
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401 \paragraph{Token Usage.}
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402 You may access a \agwindow{Token Usage} window from the
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403 \agmenu{Auxiliary Windows} menu of any window that identifies a
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404 token. It shows all grammar rules which use the token. In each rule
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405 the marked token, if any, will follow the selected token, so that
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406 further \agwindow{Auxiliary Windows} menu choices will refer to the
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407 marked token rather than the selected token.
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408
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409 \index{Trace Coverage}\index{Window}\index{Coverage}
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410 \paragraph{Trace Coverage.}
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411 When you run a \agwindow{File Trace}, AnaGram automatically counts the
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412 number of times each rule in your grammar is reduced. You may inspect
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413 these counts using the \agwindow{Trace Coverage} window. Unless you
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414 have set the \agparam{rule coverage} switch, certain optimizations in
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415 AnaGram's tables will cause some null productions and rules consisting
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416 of a single token to not be counted.
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417
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418 \index{Warnings}\index{Window}
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419 \paragraph{Warnings.}
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420 If while analyzing your syntax file, AnaGram finds something
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421 suspicious, it issues a warning, regardless of the severity of the
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422 problem. The \agwindow{Warnings} window will pop up automatically
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423 when the analysis has been completed. If the warning is for a
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424 \index{Errors}syntax error in your input file, you will have to fix
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425 it, because AnaGram cannot successfully interpret your syntax file.
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426 Otherwise, no matter how serious the warnings may be, AnaGram will
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427 create a parser if it is instructed to do so. Thus if you decide the
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428 warnings are of no consequence, you may choose to ignore them. Note
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429 that AnaGram will resolve \index{Conflicts}shift-reduce conflicts by
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430 choosing the shift action. It will resolve
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431 \index{Conflicts}reduce-reduce conflicts by choosing the rule that
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432 occurred first in the grammar.
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433
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434 If you have syntax errors, AnaGram will synchronize the cursor in the
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435 syntax file window with the cursor in the warning window so that as
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436 you move through the warning messages, the cursor in the syntax file
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437 window will move to the point of the error.