annotate doc/misc/html/examples/ffcex.html @ 19:db7ff952e01e

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author David A. Holland
date Tue, 31 May 2022 02:06:45 -0400
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1 <!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 3.2//EN">
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2 <HTML>
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3 <HEAD>
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4 <TITLE>Four Function Calculator</TITLE>
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5
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6
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7 </HEAD>
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8
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9 <BODY BGCOLOR="#ffffff" BACKGROUND="tilbl6h.gif"
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10 TEXT="#000000" LINK="#0033CC"
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11 VLINK="#CC0033" ALINK="#CC0099">
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12
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13 <P>
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14 <IMG ALIGN="right" SRC="../images/agrsl6c.gif" ALT="AnaGram"
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15 WIDTH=124 HEIGHT=30>
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16
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17 <BR CLEAR="all">
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18
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19 Back to <A HREF="../index.html">Index</A>
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20 <P>
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21 <IMG ALIGN="bottom" SRC="../images/rbline6j.gif" ALT="----------------------"
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22 WIDTH=1010 HEIGHT=2 >
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23 </P>
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24
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25
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26 <H2>Four Function Calculator:<BR>An Annotated AnaGram Example</H2>
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27 <IMG ALIGN="bottom" SRC="../images/rbline6j.gif" ALT="----------------------"
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28 WIDTH=1010 HEIGHT=2 >
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29
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30
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31 <P>The following example is a complete program: The output produced by AnaGram
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32 from this example can be compiled, linked and run without any support modules
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33 other than the standard run-time library provided by any C compiler. In the
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34 interest of brevity, the example has been kept very simple.
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35 </P>
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36 <P>FFCALC.SYN implements a simple four function calculator which reads its
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37 input from stdin. The calculator has 52 registers, labeled 'a' through 'z' and
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38 'A' through 'Z'. FFCALC evaluates arithmetic expressions and assignment
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39 statements and prints the results to stdout. The expressions may contain '+',
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40 '-', '*', and '/' operators as well as parentheses. In addition, FFCALC supports
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41 the free use of white space and C style comments in the input. It also contains
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42 complete error handling, including syntax error diagnostics and
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43 <A HREF="../gloss.html#Resynchronization">resynchronization</A> after syntax errors.
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44 </P>
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45 <P> <STRONG>For purposes of annotation, line numbers have been inserted at the left
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46 margin.</STRONG> The line numbers are not part of the AnaGram syntax.
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47 Immediately following the example are some brief explanatory notes keyed to the
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48 line numbers.
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49 </P>
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50 <PRE>
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51 <A HREF="#Note1" NAME="Line1">Line 1:</A> {/* FOUR FUNCTION CALCULATOR: FFCALC.SYN */}
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52
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53 Line 2: // -- CONFIGURATION SECTION ----------------------------
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54 <A HREF="#Note3" NAME="Line3">Line 3:</A> [
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55 <A HREF="#Note4" NAME="Line4">Line 4:</A> default token type = double
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56 <A HREF="#Note5" NAME="Line5">Line 5:</A> disregard white space
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57 <A HREF="#Note6" NAME="Line6">Line 6:</A> lexeme { real}
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58 <A HREF="#Note7" NAME="Line7">Line 7:</A> // You could specify traditional engine here
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59 Line 8: ]
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60
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61 <A HREF="#Note9" NAME="Line9">Line 9:</A> // -- FOUR FUNCTION CALCULATOR -------------------------
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62 <A HREF="#Note10" NAME="Line10">Line 10:</A> (void) calculator $
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63 <A HREF="#Note11" NAME="Line11">Line 11:</A> -&gt; [calculation?, '\n']..., eof
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64
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65 Line 12: (void) calculation
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66 <A HREF="#Note13" NAME="Line13">Line 13:</A> -&gt; expression:x =printf("%g\n",x);
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67 <A HREF="#Note14" NAME="Line14">Line 14:</A> -&gt; name:n, '=', expression:x ={
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68 Line 15: printf("%c = %g\n",n+'A',value[n]=x);}
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69 <A HREF="#Note16" NAME="Line16">Line 16:</A> -&gt; error
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70
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71 Line 17: expression
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72 <A HREF="#Note18" NAME="Line18">Line 18:</A> -&gt; term
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73 <A HREF="#Note19" NAME="Line19">Line 19:</A> -&gt; expression:x, '+', term:t = x+t;
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74 Line 20: -&gt; expression:x, '-', term:t = x-t;
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75
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76 Line 21: term
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77 Line 22: -&gt; factor
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78 Line 23: -&gt; term:t, '*', factor:f = t*f;
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79 <A HREF="#Note24" NAME="Line24">Line 24:</A> -&gt; term:t, '/', factor:f = t/f;
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80
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81 Line 25: factor
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82 Line 26: -&gt; name:n = value[n];
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83 Line 27: -&gt; real
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84 Line 28: -&gt; '(', expression:x, ')' = x;
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85 Line 29: -&gt; '-', factor:f = -f;
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86
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87 Line 30: // -- LEXICAL UNITS ------------------------------------
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88 <A HREF="#Note31" NAME="Line31">Line 31:</A> digit = '0-9'
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89 <A HREF="#Note32" NAME="Line32">Line 32:</A> eof = -1
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90
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91 <A HREF="#Note33" NAME="Line33">Line 33:</A> (void) white space
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92 <A HREF="#Note34" NAME="Line34">Line 34:</A> -&gt; ' ' + '\t' + '\r' + '\f' + '\v'
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93 <A HREF="#Note35" NAME="Line35">Line 35:</A> -&gt; "/*", ~eof?..., "*/" // C style comment
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94
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95 <A HREF="#Note36" NAME="Line36">Line 36:</A> (int) name
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96 <A HREF="#Note37" NAME="Line37">Line 37:</A> -&gt; 'a-z' + 'A-Z':c = c-'A';
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97
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98 <A NAME="Line38">Line 38:</A> real
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99 Line 39: -&gt; integer part:i, '.', fraction part:f = i+f;
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100 Line 40: -&gt; integer part, '.'?
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101 Line 41: -&gt; '.', fraction part:f = f;
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102
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103 Line 42: integer part
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104 Line 43: -&gt; digit:d = d-'0';
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105 Line 44: -&gt; integer part:x, digit:d = 10*x + d-'0';
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106
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107 Line 45: fraction part
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108 Line 46: -&gt; digit:d = (d-'0')/10.;
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109 Line 47: -&gt; digit:d, fraction part:f = (d-'0' + f)/10.;
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110
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111 Line 48: { /* -- EMBEDDED C ---------------------------------- */
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112 Line 49: double value[64]; /* registers */
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113 <A HREF="#Note50" NAME="Line50">Line 50:</A> void main(void) {
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114 <A HREF="#Note51" NAME="Line51">Line 51:</A> ffcalc();
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115 Line 52: }
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116 Line 53: } // -- END OF EMBEDDED C ------------------------------
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117 </PRE>
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118 <H3>Notes to example</H3>
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119 <P>General note: When an AnaGram <A HREF="../gloss.html#Grammar">grammar</A> is written to use direct character
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120 input, the <A HREF="../gloss.html#Terminal">terminal tokens</A> are written as <A HREF="../gloss.html#CharacterSets">character sets</A>. A single character is
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121 construed to be the set consisting only of the character itself. Otherwise
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122 character sets can be defined by ranges, e.g., 'a-z', or by set expressions
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123 using +, -, &amp;, or ~ to represent <A HREF="../gloss.html#SetUnion">union</A>,
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124 <A HREF="../gloss.html#SetDifference">difference</A>, <A HREF="../gloss.html#SetIntersection">intersection</A>, or
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125 <A HREF="../gloss.html#SetComplement">complement</A> respectively. If the sets used in the grammar are not pairwise
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126 disjoint, and they seldom are, AnaGram calculates a disjoint covering of the
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127 <A HREF="../gloss.html#Universe">character universe</A>, and extends the grammar appropriately. The semantic value of
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128 a terminal token is the ascii character code, so that semantic distinctions may
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129 still be made even when characters are syntactically equivalent.
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130 </P>
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131 <P><A HREF="#Line1" NAME="Note1">Line 1.</A> Braces { } are used
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132 to denote embedded C or C++ code that should be passed unchanged to the <A HREF="../gloss.html#Parser">parser</A>.
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133 Embedded C at the very beginning of the syntax file is placed at the beginning
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134 of the parser file. All other embedded C is placed following a set of
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135 definitions and declarations AnaGram needs for the code it generates. AnaGram
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136 saves up all the <A HREF="../gloss.html#ReductionProcedure">reduction procedures</A>, or semantic actions, and places them
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137 after all the embedded C.
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138 </P>
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139 <P><A HREF="#Line3" NAME="Note3">Line 3.</A> Brackets [ ] are used to denote
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140 configuration sections. Configuration sections contain settings for
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141 configuration parameters and switches, and a number of attribute statements that
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142 provide metasyntactic information.
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143 </P>
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144 <P><A HREF="#Line4" NAME="Note4">Line 4.</A> This statement sets the default
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145 token type for <A HREF="../gloss.html#Nonterminal">nonterminal tokens</A> to double. The default value for "default
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146 token type" is void. You can override the type for a particular token using
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147 an explicit cast. See
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148 <A HREF="#Line10">line 10.</A> The default type for <A HREF="../gloss.html#Terminal">terminal tokens</A> is int.
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149 AnaGram uses the token type declarations to set up calls and definitions of
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150 <A HREF="../gloss.html#ReductionProcedure">reduction procedures</A> and also to set up the parser value stack.
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151 </P>
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152 <P><A HREF="#Line5" NAME="Note5">Line 5.</A> The disregard statement tells
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153 AnaGram to extend the <A HREF="../gloss.html#Grammar">grammar</A> so that the generated <A HREF="../gloss.html#Parser">parser</A> will skip all
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154 instances of white space which are not contained within lexemes. "White
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155 space" is a token defined at <A HREF="#Line33">line 33</A>. There is
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156 nothing magic about the name. Any other name could have been used.
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157 </P>
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158 <P><A HREF="#Line6" NAME="Note6">Line 6.</A> The lexeme statement identifies a
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159 list of <A HREF="../gloss.html#Nonterminal">nonterminal tokens</A> within which the "disregard" statement is
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160 inoperative. real is defined at <A HREF="#Line38">line 38</A>.
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161 </P>
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162 <P><A HREF="#Line7" NAME="Note7">Line 7.</A> "traditional engine" is
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163 a configuration switch. Simply asserting it turns it on. You can also write:
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164 traditional engine = ON. To turn off a switch use ~: thus ~traditional engine
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165 would guarantee the switch is off, whatever its default value. Alternatively set
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166 traditional engine = OFF.
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167 </P>
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168 <P>AnaGram <A HREF="../gloss.html#Parser">parsers</A> normally use a parsing engine with more than the standard
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169 four parsing <A HREF="../gloss.html#ParserAction">actions</A>: shift, reduce, error and accept. The extra actions are
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170 compound actions. The result of using these actions is to speed up the parser
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171 and to reduce the size of the state table by about fifty per cent. The
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172 traditional engine switch turns this optimization off, so the parser will only
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173 use the four traditional actions. This is usually only done for clarity when
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174 using the File Trace or Grammar Trace options described below.
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175 </P>
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176 <P><A HREF="#Line9" NAME="Note9">Line 9. </A>AnaGram supports both C and C++
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177 style comments. Nesting of C comments is controlled by the "nest comments"
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178 switch.
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179 </P>
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180 <P><A HREF="#Line10" NAME="Note10">Line 10.</A> An explicit cast can be used
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181 to override the token type for <A HREF="../gloss.html#Nonterminal">nonterminal tokens</A>. Types can be just about any C
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182 or C++ type, including template types. Basically, the only exceptions are types
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183 containing <CODE>( )</CODE> or <CODE>[ ]</CODE>.
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184 </P>
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185 <P>The simplest way to specify the <A HREF="../gloss.html#GrammarToken">goal token</A> for a <A HREF="../gloss.html#Grammar">grammar</A> is to mark it with
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186 a dollar sign. You can also simply name it "grammar", or set the "grammar
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187 token" parameter in a configuration section.
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188 </P>
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189 <P><A HREF="#Line11" NAME="Note11">Line 11.</A> For "<CODE>-&gt;</CODE>"
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190 read "produces".
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191 A question mark following a token name makes it optional. Tokens in a rule
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192 are separated by commas. Multiple rules with the same left side can also be
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193 separated with the vertical bar, '<CODE>|</CODE>'.
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194 </P>
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195 <P>The rules for character constants are the same as for C. Brackets []
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196 indicate the rule is optional. Braces { } would be used if the rule were not
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197 optional. Brackets and braces can include multiple rules separated by |. The
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198 ellipsis ... indicates unlimited repetition. These constructs are referred to as
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199 <A HREF="../gloss.html#VirtualProduction">"virtual productions"</A>. eof is defined at <A HREF="#Line32">line 32</A>.
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200
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201 </P>
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202 <P><A HREF="#Line10">Lines 10 and 11</A> taken together specify that this
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203 <A HREF="../gloss.html#Grammar">grammar</A> describes a possibly empty sequence of lines terminated with an eof
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204 character. Each line contains an optional "calculation" followed by a
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205 newline character.
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206 </P>
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207 <P><A HREF="#Line13" NAME="Note13">Line 13</A>. To assign the value of a token
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208 (stored on the parser value stack) to a c variable for use in a semantic action,
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209 or <A HREF="../gloss.html#ReductionProcedure">reduction procedure</A>, simply follow the token name with a colon and the name
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210 of the variable.
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211 </P>
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212 <P>Short form reduction procedures are simple C or C++ expressions terminated
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213 with a semicolon. They cannot include a newline character. The name of the C
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214 variable is local to this particular procedure. Normally the value of the
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215 reduction procedure is assigned to the token on the left side of the <A HREF="../gloss.html#Production">production</A>.
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216 In this case, since calculation is of type "void", the result of the
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217 printf call is discarded.
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218 </P>
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219 <P><A HREF="#Line14" NAME="Note14">Line 14.</A> When <A HREF="../gloss.html#ReductionProcedure">reduction procedures</A>
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220 won't fit on a single line or are more complex than a single expression, they
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221 can be enclosed in braces { }. Use a return statement to return a value.
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222 </P>
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223 <P><A HREF="#Line16" NAME="Note16">Line 16.</A> The error token can be used
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224 to <A HREF="../gloss.html#Resynchronization">resynchronize</A> a parser after
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225 encountering a syntax error. It works more or
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226 less like the error token in YACC. In this case it matches any portion of a "calculation"
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227 up to a syntax error and then everything up to the next newline, as determined
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228 by the <A HREF="../gloss.html#Production">production</A> on <A HREF="#Line11">line 11</A>. AnaGram also provides an
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229 alternative form of error continuation called "automatic resynchronization"
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230 which uses a heuristic approach derived from the <A HREF="../gloss.html#Grammar">grammar</A>. By default, AnaGram
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231 <A HREF="../gloss.html#Parser">parsers</A> provide syntax error diagnostics. The user may provide his own if he
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232 wishes.
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233 </P>
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234 <P><A HREF="#Line18" NAME="Note18">Line 18.</A> If a <A HREF="../gloss.html#GrammarRule">grammar rule</A> does not
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235 have a <A HREF="../gloss.html#ReductionProcedure">reduction procedure</A>, the value of the first token in the rule is assigned
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236 to the token on the left side of the <A HREF="../gloss.html#Production">production</A>.
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237 </P>
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238 <P><A HREF="#Line19" NAME="Note19">Line 19.</A> Since the default type
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239 specification given on <A HREF="#Line4">line 4</A> was "double", x
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240 and t have type double, and the <A HREF="../gloss.html#ReductionProcedure">reduction procedure</A> returns their sum, also
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241 double.
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242 </P>
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243 <P><A HREF="#Line24" NAME="Note24">Line 24.</A> Note that in the interest of
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244 simplicity, this <A HREF="../gloss.html#ReductionProcedure">reduction procedure</A> omits any provision for divide by zero
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245 errors.
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246 </P>
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247 <P><A HREF="#Line31" NAME="Note31">Line 31.</A> Definition statements may be
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248 used to provide shorthand names. '0-9' is a character range, as discussed above.
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249
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250 </P>
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251 <P><A HREF="#Line32" NAME="Note32">Line 32. </A> Input characters can also be
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252 defined using decimal, octal or hex notation. They are not limited to any
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253 particular range, so that it is possible to define the end of file token as the
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254 standard stream I/O end of file value.
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255 </P>
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256 <P><A HREF="#Line33" NAME="Note33">Line 33.</A> Note that AnaGram permits
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257 embedded blanks in token names.
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258 </P>
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259 <P><A HREF="#Line34" NAME="Note34">Line 34.</A> The set consisting of blank,
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260 tab, return, form feed or vertical tab.
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261 </P>
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262 <P><A HREF="#Line35" NAME="Note35">Line 35.</A> Keywords are strings of
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263 characters enclosed in double quotes. Standard C rules apply for literal
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264 strings. Keywords stand outside the character space and are recognized in
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265 preference to individual characters.
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266 </P>
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267 <P>
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268 ~ indicates the <A HREF="../gloss.html#SetComplement">complement</A> of a character set, so that ~eof is any character
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269 except end of file. The <A HREF="../gloss.html#Universe">character universe</A> is the set of characters on the range
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270 0..255 unless there are characters outside this range, in which case it is
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271 extended to the smallest contiguous range which includes the outside characters.
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272 ?... allows zero or more comment characters. This rule describes a standard C
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273 comment (no nesting allowed).
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274 </P>
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275 <P><A HREF="#Line36" NAME="Note36">Line 36.</A> The value of name is an int,
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276 an index into the value table.
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277 </P>
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278 <P><A HREF="#Line37" NAME="Note37">Line 37.</A> The '+' is <A HREF="../gloss.html#SetUnion">set union</A>.
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279 Therefore c is any alphabetic character.
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280 </P>
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281 <P><A HREF="#Line50" NAME="Note50">Line 50.</A> If you don't have any embedded
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282 C in your syntax file, AnaGram will create a main program automatically. Since
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283 there was already embedded C at line 1, AnaGram won't automatically create a
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284 main program, so we need to define one explicitly.
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285 </P>
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286 <P><A HREF="#Line51" NAME="Note51">Line 51.</A> The default function name for
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287 the <A HREF="../gloss.html#Parser">parser</A> is taken from the file name, in lower case. There is a configuration
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288 parameter available to set it to something else if necessary. Lacking any
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289 contrary specification, the parser will read its input from stdin.
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290 </P>
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291
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292
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293 <P>
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294 <BR>
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295
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296 <IMG ALIGN="bottom" SRC="../images/rbline6j.gif" ALT="----------------------"
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297 WIDTH=1010 HEIGHT=2 >
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298 <P>
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299 <IMG ALIGN="right" SRC="../images/pslrb6d.gif" ALT="Parsifal Software"
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300 WIDTH=181 HEIGHT=25>
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301 <BR CLEAR="right">
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302 <P>
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303
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304 Back to <A HREF="../index.html">Index</A>
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305 <P>
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306 <ADDRESS><FONT SIZE="-1">
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307 AnaGram parser generator - examples<BR>
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308 Annotated four function calculator<BR>
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309 Copyright &copy; 1993-1999, Parsifal Software. <BR>
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310 All Rights Reserved.<BR>
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311 </FONT></ADDRESS>
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312
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313 </BODY>
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314 </HTML>