AnaGram interim repo (temporary): doc/manual/sf.tex annotate

annotate doc/manual/sf.tex @ 23:cac4c76600eb

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author	David A. Holland
date	Mon, 13 Jun 2022 00:17:10 -0400
parents	13d2b8934445
children

rev	line source
0 13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1 \chapter{Syntax Files}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	2 \index{Syntax file}\index{File}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	3
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	4 Input files to AnaGram are called \agterm{syntax files}. A syntax
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	5 file comprises a grammar and associated C or C++ code. The grammar
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	6 consists of a number of productions along with supportng information
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	7 such as configuration sections and definitions of character sets. The
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	8 associated code consists of reduction procedures (see \S 8.2.13) and
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	9 embedded C or C++ code (\S 8.2.17). This chapter explains the rules
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	10 for writing syntax files acceptable to AnaGram. The rules for
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	11 interfacing your parser to the balance of your program are given in
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	12 Chapter 9.
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	13
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	14
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	15 \section{Lexical Conventions}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	16 \index{Lexical conventions}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	17
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	18 \subsection{Statements}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	19 \index{Statements}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	20
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	21 For purposes of this manual, AnaGram statements are considered to be
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	22 productions, definition statements, configuration sections, and blocks
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	23 of embedded C or C++ code, all discussed individually below. Each
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	24 statement must begin on a new line. It is a good idea to separate
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	25 statements visually in your file by using blank lines freely.
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	26 There are generally no restrictions on the
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	27 \index{Statements}\index{Order of statements}order of statements
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	28 in a syntax file. Good programming practice, however, suggests that
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	29 definitions and configuration sections should precede the grammar
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	30 itself.
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	31
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	32 \subsection{Spaces and Tabs}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	33 \index{Spaces}\index{Tabs}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	34
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	35 AnaGram allows spaces and tabs to be used freely to improve the
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	36 readability of grammars. Spaces and tabs are ignored, except when
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	37 embedded in a token name, in a character set definition, or in a
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	38 keyword. Within a token name, any sequence of spaces and tabs counts
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	39 as a single space.
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	40
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	41 \subsection{Continuation Lines}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	42 \index{Continuation lines}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	43
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	44 AnaGram statements normally end with a newline character or the end of
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	45 file. If AnaGram encounters the end of a line and the statement it is
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	46 reading appears to be complete, it will not look for a continuation.
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	47 To continue a statement to another line, just make sure that what you
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	48 have on the first line is clearly incomplete. For example,
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	49
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	50 \begin{indentingcode}{0.4in}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	51 prep phrase -> preposition, "the", noun
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	52 \end{indentingcode}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	53
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	54 looks complete to AnaGram, whereas
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	55
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	56 \begin{indentingcode}{0.4in}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	57 prep phrase -> preposition, "the", noun,
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	58 \end{indentingcode}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	59
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	60 looks incomplete because of the dangling comma at the end.
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	61
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	62 \subsection{Comments}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	63 \index{Comments}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	64
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	65 AnaGram accepts comments in accordance with the rules of C and C++,
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	66 that is, normal C comments bracketed with \agcode{/} and \agcode{/},
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	67 as well as comments which begin with \agcode{//} and continue to the
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	68 end of line. AnaGram also observes these conventions when skipping
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	69 over embedded C code.
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	70
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	71 Since the ANSI standard for C insists that normal C comments do not
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	72 nest, AnaGram, by default, disallows nested comments. You may,
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	73 however, set a configuration parameter,
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	74 \index{Nest comments}\index{Configuration switches}\index{Comments}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	75 \agparam{nest comments},
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	76 to allow nested comments. See Appendix A. In any case, AnaGram will
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	77 use the same convention for embedded C as it uses for AnaGram proper.
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	78 You can change the convention in the middle of the file if necessary.
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	79
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	80 AnaGram treats each comment delimited with \agcode{/} and \agcode{/}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	81 as though it were a single space. You can even put such comments in
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	82 the middle of token names if you should want to. A comment that
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	83 begins with \agcode{//} is treated as though the end of line occurred
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	84 at the \agcode{//}.
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	85
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	86 \subsection{Blank Lines and Form Feeds}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	87 \index{Blank lines}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	88
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	89 Because blank lines and form feeds are visual separators, AnaGram will
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	90 not skip either looking for a continuation line. Therefore blank lines
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	91 and form feeds can occur only between AnaGram statements, not in the
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	92 middle of a statement.
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	93
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	94 It is a good idea to separate groups of productions with a blank line
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	95 or two, lest an accidental dangling comma make AnaGram think the
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	96 beginning of the next production is a continuation of the present one.
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	97
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	98
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	99 \section{Elements of Grammars}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	100
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	101 \subsection{Names}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	102 \index{Name}\index{Token}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	103
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	104 You may use names to represent tokens, character sets, keywords and
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	105 \index{Virtual productions}\index{Production}virtual productions.
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	106 Names follow the same general rules as for any programming language,
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	107 with the notable exception that they may have embedded white space.
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	108 Names are made up of letters, digits, or underscores. They may not
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	109 begin with a digit. Any sequence of embedded spaces, tabs or comments
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	110 counts as a single space. AnaGram distinguishes between upper and
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	111 lower case\index{Case sensitivity}, so that \agcode{Word} and
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	112 \agcode{word} are different names. There is no particular limit to the
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	113 length of a name. There are no reserved words as such, although
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	114 \agcode{grammar}, \agcode{eof}, and \agcode{error} will be treated as
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	115 reserved words unless you take special action by setting appropriate
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	116 configuration parameters. The names AnaGram uses for
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	117 \index{Configuration parameters}configuration parameters
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	118 follow the same rules as for other names, except that
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	119 \index{Case sensitivity}case
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	120 is ignored.
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	121
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	122 \subsection{Reserved Words}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	123 \index{Reserved words}\index{Words}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	124
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	125 % XXX shouldn't that be \index{Grammar token}?
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	126 AnaGram treats tokens with the names \index{Grammar}\agcode{grammar},
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	127 \index{Eof token}\index{Token}\agcode{eof}, and \index{Error
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	128 token}\index{Token}\agcode{error} in a special manner unless certain
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	129 measures are taken. Since you can override AnaGram's use of these
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	130 names, they are not reserved words in the true sense.
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	131
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	132 If your grammar has a token named \agcode{grammar}, AnaGram will take
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	133 that token to be the grammar token for your grammar unless you set the
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	134 \index{Token}\index{Grammar token}\index{Configuration parameters}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	135 \agparam{grammar token}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	136 configuration parameter or mark some other token as the grammar token
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	137 using ``\index{ \_dol}\$''.% See below ???.
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	138
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	139 If your grammar has a token named \agcode{error} and you take no
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	140 further steps, AnaGram will assume you wish to use error token
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	141 resynchronization in case of
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	142 \index{Syntax error}\index{Errors}syntax error. See Chapter 9.
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	143 If you wish to use some other token as an error token you
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	144 may select it using the
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	145 \index{Configuration parameters}\index{Token}\index{Error token}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	146 \agparam{error token} configuration parameter.
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	147 If you wish to use \agcode{error} as a token name, but do not want
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	148 error token resynchronization, you may set the \agparam{error token}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	149 configuration parameter to any name that is not used in your grammar.
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	150 You may then use \agcode{error} as a token name without causing
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	151 AnaGram to include error token resynchronization in your parser.
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	152
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	153 \index{Resynchronization}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	154 If you select automatic resynchronization or error token
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	155 resynchronization (see Chapter 9), AnaGram will look for a token
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	156 called \agcode{eof} to use as an end of file indicator. You may
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	157 either name your end of file token \agcode{eof} or you may set the
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	158 \agparam{eof token} configuration parameter with the name of your end
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	159 of file token.
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	160
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	161 \subsection{Variable Names}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	162 \index{Name}\index{C variable names}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	163
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	164 With AnaGram you can associate C/C++ variable names with the
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	165 \index{Semantic value}\index{Token}\index{Value}semantic values of
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	166 tokens for use in your \index{Reduction procedure}reduction
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	167 procedures. Each name follows the corresponding token in the grammar
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	168 rule on the right of the production, separated from the token by a
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	169 colon. AnaGram allows variable names made up of letters, digits, and
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	170 underscores. They may not begin with a digit. Embedded spaces, tabs
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	171 or comments, are not allowed, of course. AnaGram imposes no
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	172 restriction on length, but uses your variable names just as you have
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	173 written them in the code it generates to call reduction procedures.
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	174 Remember that your compiler may have a limit on the length of variable
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	175 names. Also, AnaGram itself uses C variable names beginning with
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	176 \agcode{ag{\us}}. It is therefore wise to avoid using names of this form.
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	177
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	178 \subsection{Terminal Tokens}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	179 \index{Terminal token}\index{Token}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	180
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	181 A \agterm{terminal token} is a token which does not appear on the left
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	182 side of a production. It represents, therefore, a basic unit of input
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	183 to your parser. You have several options with respect to terminal
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	184 tokens. If the input to your parser consists of ASCII characters, you
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	185 may define terminal tokens explicitly as ASCII characters or as sets
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	186 of ASCII characters. If you have an input procedure which produces
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	187 numeric codes, you may define the terminal tokens directly in terms of
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	188 these numeric codes. On the other hand, you may leave the terminal
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	189 tokens completely undefined. In this case, you must provide an input
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	190 procedure which can determine the appropriate
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	191 \index{Token}\index{Token number}\index{Number}token numbers.
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	192 It is an all or none situation. If you provide any explicit
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	193 definitions, you must provide them for all terminal tokens. Input
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	194 procedures and token input are discussed in Chapter 9. Examples of
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	195 non-character input may be found in the Macro Preprocessor example in
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	196 the \agfile{examples/mpp} directory on your AnaGram distribution
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	197 disk.% Further examples are given in Chapter ???.
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	198 % XXX change ``on ...distribution disk'' to ``in ...distribution''.
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	199
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	200 \subsection{Character Representations}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	201 \index{Character representations}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	202
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	203 In specifying admissible input characters you may use \index{Character
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	204 constants}character constants following the normal C conventions.
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	205 Remember that a character constant may specify only a single
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	206 character. Although some C compilers will allow constructs such as
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	207 \agcode{'mv'}, AnaGram doesn't allow this. AnaGram recognizes the
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	208 same escape sequences as C, including octal and hex sequences, even
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	209 though this is, strictly speaking, unnecessary. The escape sequences
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	210 AnaGram recognizes are:
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	211
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	212 %
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	213 % It would be nice to be able to just write this and tell latex to set
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	214 % it in three columns. but no... that would be too easy.
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	215 %
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	216 %
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	217 %\begin{tabular}{ll}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	218 %\agcode{{\bs}a}&alert (bell) character\\
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	219 %\agcode{{\bs}b}&backspace\\
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	220 %\agcode{{\bs}f}&formfeed\\
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	221 %\agcode{{\bs}n}&newline\\
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	222 %\agcode{{\bs}r}&carriage return\\
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	223 %\agcode{{\bs}t}&horizontal tab\\
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	224 %\agcode{{\bs}v}&vertical tab\\
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	225 %\agcode{{\bs\bs}}&backslash\\
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	226 %\agcode{{\bs}?}&question mark\\
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	227 %\agcode{{\bs}'}&single quote\\
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	228 %\agcode{{\bs}"}&double quote\\
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	229 %\agcode{{\bs}ooo}&octal number\\
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	230 %\agcode{{\bs}xhh}&hexadecimal number\\
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	231 %\end{tabular}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	232
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	233 \begin{indenting}{0.4in}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	234 \begin{tabular}{llllll}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	235 \agcode{{\bs}a}&alert (bell) character&
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	236 \agcode{{\bs}t}&horizontal tab&
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	237 \agcode{{\bs}'}&single quote\\
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	238 \agcode{{\bs}b}&backspace&
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	239 \agcode{{\bs}v}&vertical tab&
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	240 \agcode{{\bs}"}&double quote\\
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	241 \agcode{{\bs}f}&formfeed&
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	242 \agcode{{\bs\bs}}&backslash&
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	243 \agcode{{\bs}\textit{ooo}}&octal number\\
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	244 \agcode{{\bs}n}&newline&
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	245 \agcode{{\bs}?}&question mark&
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	246 \agcode{{\bs}x\textit{hh}}&hexadecimal number\\
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	247 \agcode{{\bs}r}&carriage return\\
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	248 \end{tabular}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	249 \end{indenting}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	250 \bigskip
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	251
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	252 The octal escape sequence allows up to three octal digits, in
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	253 accordance with ANSI specifications for C. The hexadecimal numbers
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	254 may contain an arbitrary number of digits; however AnaGram will
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	255 truncate the result to sixteen bits.
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	256
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	257 A backslash followed by any character other than those listed above
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	258 will cause a syntax error.
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	259
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	260 You may also represent characters by writing the numeric code
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	261 explicitly, in decimal, octal, or hexadecimal representations.
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	262 AnaGram follows the C conventions for integer constants: a leading
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	263 \agcode{0} means the number is octal, a leading \agcode{0x} or
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	264 \agcode{0X} means it is hexadecimal. The hex digits \agcode{a-f} may
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	265 be either upper or lower case\index{Case sensitivity}. Numbers may be
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	266 preceded by an optional minus sign.
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	267
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	268 If your parser uses a pre-existing \index{Lexical scanner}lexical
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	269 scanner and you wish to use the code numbers it generates to identify
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	270 tokens, you may simply treat those code numbers as character numbers.
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	271 You may use the numbers directly in your productions, or you may use
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	272 definition statements to name them. You may also use an
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	273 \agparam{enum} statement within a configuration section to attach
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	274 names to the code numbers.
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	275 % XXX shouldn't this use of enum be indexed?
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	276
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	277 AnaGram also allows a special notation for control characters. You
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	278 may represent a control character by using the ``\^{}'' character
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	279 preceding any printing ascii character. Thus you can write
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	280 \agcode{\^{}z} or \agcode{\^{}Z} to represent the DOS end-of-file
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	281 character. Notice that quotation marks are not necessary.
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	282
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	283 Examples of character representations:
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	284
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	285 \begin{indenting}{0.4in}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	286 \begin{tabular}{cccc}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	287 \agcode{'K'}&\agcode{-1}&\agcode{0}&\agcode{'{\bs}t'}\\
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	288 \agcode{\^{}J}&\agcode{'{\bs}xff'}&\agcode{077}&\agcode{0XF3}\\
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	289 \end{tabular}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	290 \end{indenting}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	291
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	292 \subsection{Character Ranges}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	293 \index{Character range}\index{Range}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	294
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	295 It is convenient to be able to specify ranges of characters when
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	296 writing a grammar. AnaGram supports several ways of representing
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	297 ranges of characters. The first is an extension of the notation for
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	298 character constants: \agcode{'a-z'} is the set of lower case
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	299 characters. You can even use escape sequences such as
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	300 \agcode{'{\bs}n-{\bs}r'} if you like. The order of
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	301 characters used to specify the range is immaterial: \agcode{'z-a'} is
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	302 the same as \agcode{'a-z'}. AnaGram will, however, issue a warning
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	303 just in case the unusual order results from a clerical error.
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	304
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	305 The second way to specify a range is by using two arbitrary character
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	306 representations, as described above, separated by two dots. For
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	307 example, \agcode{\^{}C..\^{}Z}, \agcode{3..26}, \agcode{3..032},
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	308 \agcode{3..0x1a}, and \agcode{\^{}C..0x1a}, all represent the same
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	309 range of characters. Similarly, \agcode{'A-F'}, \agcode{'A'..'F'},
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	310 \agcode{0101..0106}, \agcode{0x41..0x46}, \agcode{65..70}, and
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	311 \agcode{65..'F'} all represent the same range of characters.
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	312
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	313 \subsection{Character Sets}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	314 \index{Character sets}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	315
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	316 If you provide explicit definitions for terminal tokens, the basic
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	317 input unit for your parser will be considered a character set, even if
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	318 your input procedure provides numeric codes that are not actually
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	319 characters. As a terminal token, a character set will be matched by
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	320 any input character that is a member of the set. Character sets may
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	321 be named in definition statements, but they may also appear on the
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	322 right sides of productions without being named.
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	323
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	324 A character set may consist of one or more characters. You can
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	325 specify a character set that consists of a single character by using
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	326 any of the character representation methods described above. You can
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	327 specify a set consisting of a range of characters by using any of the
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	328 representations of character ranges described above.
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	329 \index{Character sets}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	330 To specify more complicated sets, you can write
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	331 \index{Expressions}\index{Set expressions}expressions
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	332 using conventional set theoretic operations.
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	333 In AnaGram input, these operations are specified as follows:
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	334
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	335 \index{Union}\index{Difference}\index{Intersection}\index{Complement}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	336 \begin{indenting}{0.4in}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	337 \begin{tabular}{cl}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	338 \agcode{A + B}&(union)\\
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	339 \agcode{A - B}&(difference)\\
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	340 \agcode{A \& B}&(intersection)\\
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	341 \agcode{\~{}A}&(complement)\\
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	342 \end{tabular}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	343 \end{indenting}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	344
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	345 where \agcode{A} and \agcode{B} are arbitrary sets. Union and
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	346 difference have the same precedence. Intersection has higher
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	347 precedence and complement has the highest precedence. Thus in the
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	348 expression
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	349
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	350 \begin{indentingcode}{0.4in}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	351 A + \~{}B\&C
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	352 \end{indentingcode}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	353
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	354 the complement operation is performed first, then the intersection,
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	355 and finally the union.
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	356
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	357 Watch out! In an AnaGram syntax file \agcode{65 + 97} represents the
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	358 character set which consists of lower case \agcode{a} and upper case
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	359 \agcode{A}. It does not represent 162, the sum of 65 and 97.
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	360
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	361 Parentheses may be used to force the order of evaluation:
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	362
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	363 \begin{indentingcode}{0.4in}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	364 \~{}(A \& (B+C))
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	365 \end{indentingcode}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	366
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	367 In this example the union of \agcode{B} and \agcode{C} is calculated,
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	368 then the intersection of this set with \agcode{A} is calculated, and
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	369 finally the complement is evaluated.
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	370
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	371 The computation of the \index{Complement}complement of a
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	372 \index{Character sets}set requires a definition of the
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	373 \index{Universe}universe of set elements. AnaGram will define the
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	374 universe to be the set of unsigned 8-bit characters, unless one or
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	375 more characters outside that range have been specified. In that case,
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	376 the universe will consist of all characters on the interval defined by
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	377 the lesser of zero and the lowest character code used and the greater
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	378 of 255 and the highest character code used. The complement of a
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	379 character set is everything in this universe except the characters in
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	380 the set.
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	381
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	382 Characters which make up part of the character universe, but are not
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	383 legitimate input according to your grammar, are lumped together into a
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	384 special token which will cause an error if it occurs in your input.
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	385
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	386 When your parser reads an input character, it uses that character to
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	387 index a conversion table in order to determine the appropriate
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	388 \index{Token number}\index{Token}\index{Number}token number. If the
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	389 \index{Range}\index{Test range}\index{Configuration switches}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	390 \agparam{test range} configuration switch
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	391 is on, its default setting, your parser will include code to verify
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	392 that the character is in bounds before it indexes the conversion
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	393 table. If you are satisfied that checking bounds is unnecessary, you
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	394 may turn the \agparam{test range} switch off and get a slightly higher
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	395 level of performance from your parser.
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	396
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	397 For efficient processing, it is well to keep the number of tokens to a
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	398 minimum. Therefore if you have a choice between defining a construct
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	399 as a token, with a production, or a set, with a definition, the set is
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	400 to be preferred.
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	401
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	402 Some useful character sets are:
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	403
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	404 \begin{indenting}{0.4in}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	405 \begin{tabular}{ll}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	406 \agcode{'a-z' + 'A-Z'}&Alphabetic characters\\
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	407 \agcode{'a-f' + 'A-F'}&Hex digits\\
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	408 \agcode{'0-9'}&Decimal digits\\
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	409 \agcode{0..127}&ASCII character set\\
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	410 \agcode{32..126}&Printing ASCII characters\\
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	411 \agcode{\~{}'{\bs}n'}&Anything but newline\\
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	412 \agcode{\^{}Z}&Windows/DOS end of file indicator\\
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	413 \agcode{-1}&Stream I/O end of file indicator\\
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	414 \agcode{0}&String terminator\\
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	415 \agcode{32..126 - 'a-z' - 'A-Z' - '0-9'}&Punctuation\\
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	416 \end{tabular}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	417 \end{indenting}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	418 \bigskip
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	419 % XXX ``punctuation'' is wrong; it should subtract off space too
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	420
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	421 Note that \agcode{'a-z'} is a range of characters but
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	422 \agcode{32..126 - 'a-z'} is a set difference.
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	423
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	424 When AnaGram encounters a character set in a grammar rule, it assigns
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	425 a token number to the character set. If it has previously seen the
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	426 same character set it will assign the same token number; however, it
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	427 assigns the same token number only if the set expressions are
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	428 obviously the same. Thus, AnaGram will assign the same token number
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	429 every time it sees \agcode{A + B}, but will assign a different token
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	430 number if it sees \agcode{B + A}. Only when AnaGram has finished
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	431 scanning the entire syntax file can it actually evaluate the character
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	432 sets. If it finds that several different tokens all refer to the same
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	433 character set, it will create a single token that represents the true
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	434 character set and create
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	435 \index{Shell productions}\index{Production}``shell productions'' for
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	436 the others.
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	437
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	438 \index{Character sets}If the character sets you use in your grammar
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	439 overlap, they do not properly represent
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	440 \index{Terminal token}\index{Token}terminal tokens.
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	441 To deal with this situation, AnaGram identifies all overlaps among
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	442 character sets and extends your grammar by adding a number of extra
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	443 productions. For instance, suppose your grammar uses the following
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	444 character sets as though they were terminal tokens:
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	445
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	446 \begin{indentingcode}{0.4in}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	447 'a-z' + 'A-Z'
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	448 '0-9'
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	449 '0-7'
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	450 'a-f' + 'A-F'
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	451 \end{indentingcode}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	452
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	453 AnaGram will then modify your grammar by adding the following productions:
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	454
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	455 \begin{indentingcode}{0.4in}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	456 'a-z' + 'A-Z'
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	457 -> 'a-f' + 'A-F' \| 'g-z' + 'G-Z'
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	458
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	459 '0-9'
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	460 -> '0-7' + '8-9'
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	461 \end{indentingcode}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	462
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	463 Although the tokens \agcode{'a-z' + 'A-Z'} and \agcode{'0-9'} are
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	464 technically now
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	465 \index{Nonterminal token}\index{Token}nonterminal tokens,
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	466 for purposes of determining the
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	467 \index{Token}\index{Data type}data type of their
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	468 \index{Semantic value}\index{token}\index{Value}semantic values,
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	469 AnaGram continues to regard them as terminal tokens.
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	470
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	471 This \index{Partition}\index{Universe}\index{Character universe}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	472 ``partitioning'' of the character universe is described in Chapter 6.
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	473
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	474 \subsection{Keyword Strings}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	475 \index{Keywords}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	476
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	477 In your grammar, AnaGram recognizes character strings within double
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	478 quotes (e.g., \agcode{"IF"}) as keywords. The strings follow the same
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	479 syntactic rules as strings in C. The same escape sequences are
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	480 honored. AnaGram does not, however, allow for the concatenation of
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	481 adjacent strings. Note that AnaGram strings are used only for the
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	482 definition of keywords in your grammar, not for messages to be
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	483 displayed or printed.
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	484
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	485 Keyword strings may not include null characters and must be at least
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	486 one character long. You may have any number of keywords. Each is
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	487 treated as a single terminal token. A keyword may be given a name by
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	488 means of a definition statement. Keywords may appear in virtual
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	489 productions.
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	490
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	491 AnaGram's keyword recognition works in the following way. First, for
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	492 each state in your parser, AnaGram prepares a list of all the keywords
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	493 that are admissible in that state. Your parser will recognize a
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	494 keyword \emph{only} if it is in an appropriate state; otherwise it
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	495 will appear to be an anonymous sequence of characters. Your parser,
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	496 in any state, checks for keywords it expects before it checks for
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	497 acceptable characters. That is, \emph{keywords take precedence} over
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	498 simple characters. It does not look for keywords that would not be
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	499 acceptable input. The parser will do whatever lookahead is necessary
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	500 in order to pick up the entire keyword. Thus if the character
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	501 \agcode{I} and the keyword \agcode{IF} are both legitimate input at
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	502 some point, \agcode{IF} will be recognized, if present, in preference
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	503 to \agcode{I}. If several admissible keywords match the input, such
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	504 as \agcode{IF} and \agcode{IFF}, the parser will select the longest
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	505 match, \agcode{IFF} in this example.
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	506
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	507 AnaGram does not incorporate keywords into its character sets.
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	508 Keywords stand apart and should not appear in definitions of character
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	509 sets. In particular, they are not considered as belonging to the
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	510 complement of a character set. Thus for the production
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	511
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	512 \begin{indentingcode}{0.4in}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	513 next char -> \~{}('{\bs}n' + \^{}Z)
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	514 \end{indentingcode}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	515 a keyword would not be considered legitimate input.
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	516
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	517 Note also that a keyword consisting of a single character does not
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	518 belong to the character universe. Because of this fact, AnaGram's
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	519 treatment of \agcode{'X'} and \agcode{"X"} is very different. If this
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	520 seems confusing at first, try using only keywords which are at least
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	521 two characters long until you have some experience with them.
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	522
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	523 AnaGram's keyword recognition logic normally does not make any
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	524 assumptions about what precedes or follows a keyword. Thus if
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	525 \agcode{int} is a keyword, your parser will be capable of plucking it
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	526 out of a string of characters such as \agcode{disintegrate} if,
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	527 according to your grammar, it could follow \agcode{dis}. The
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	528 \agparam{sticky} declaration and the \agparam{distinguish keywords}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	529 statement, described below, can prevent such unwanted recognition of
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	530 keywords. A keyword following a \agparam{sticky} token will not be
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	531 recognized if the first character of the keyword can be shifted in as
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	532 part of the \agparam{sticky} token. The \agparam{distinguish
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	533 keywords} statement prevents recognition of a keyword if it is
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	534 followed immediately by a character of the sort that makes up the
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	535 keyword.
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	536
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	537 \subsection{Type Specifications For Tokens}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	538 \index{Token}\index{Token type}\index{Type declarations}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	539
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	540 When you write productions or token declarations (see below), AnaGram
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	541 allows you to specify the data type\index{Token}\index{Data type} of
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	542 the \index{Semantic value}\index{Token}\index{Value}semantic value of
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	543 a token by using a C or C++ data type specification. The restrictions
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	544 are that AnaGram does not allow specification of array or function
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	545 types, nor explicit structure types. Types that are defined with
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	546 typedef statements, structure definitions, or class definitions,
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	547 including template classes, in your embedded C or C++ are acceptable.
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	548 Thus the following specifications, for example, are acceptable:
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	549
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	550 \begin{indentingcode}{0.4in}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	551 void
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	552 int
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	553 char *
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	554 unsigned long *near
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	555 static float *far
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	556 my{\us}type
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	557 double *
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	558 struct descriptor
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	559 struct widget *
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	560 vector <double> *
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	561 \end{indentingcode}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	562
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	563 On the other hand, the following specifications are \emph{not} valid:
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	564
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	565 \begin{indentingcode}{0.4in}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	566 int[20]
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	567 int *(int, unsigned char)
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	568 \bra int x,y; float z; \ket
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	569 struct \bra int k; float z; \ket
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	570 \end{indentingcode}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	571
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	572 Note that AnaGram itself does nothing with the type specifications. It
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	573 simply passes them on to your compiler as appropriate.
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	574
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	575 \subsection{Productions}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	576 \index{Production}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	577
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	578 Productions are the basic units of a grammar. A production consists
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	579 of a left side and a right side. \index{Left side}The left side of a
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	580 production consists of one or more token names, joined by commas,
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	581 optionally preceded by a type specification enclosed in parentheses.
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	582 \index{Right side}The right side begins with an arrow and may either
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	583 begin on the same line as the left side or on a new line. For
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	584 example:
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	585
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	586 \begin{indentingcode}{0.4in}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	587 program -> statement list, eof
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	588 expression
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	589 -> expression, plus, term
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	590
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	591 (int) variable name, function name
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	592 -> name:n = look{\us}up(n);
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	593 \end{indentingcode}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	594
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	595 The part of the right side of a production following the arrow is
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	596 called a \index{Grammar rule}\index{Rule}\agterm{grammar rule},
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	597 discussed below. A production need not have a right side at all. In
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	598 this case, it is simply called a
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	599 \index{Declaration}\index{Token}\agterm{token declaration}.
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	600 AnaGram assigns
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	601 \index{Token number}\index{Token}\index{Number}token numbers
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	602 to the token names on the left side, and, if there is a type
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	603 specification, records the data type for each of the tokens declared.
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	604 Declarations of this sort are most useful when using input from a
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	605 \index{Lexical scanner}lexical scanner. See Chapter 9 for a discussion
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	606 of techniques for interfacing a lexical scanner to your parser. If
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	607 you do not intend to use a lexical scanner you will have no need for
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	608 token declarations.
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	609
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	610 If you do not explicitly specify the type for the
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	611 \index{Semantic value}\index{Token}\index{Value}semantic value
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	612 of a token, it will be determined by the configuration parameter
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	613 \index{Default token type}\index{Configuration parameters}\index{Token}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	614 \agparam{default token type}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	615 if it is a \index{Nonterminal token}\index{Token}nonterminal token or
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	616 by the \index{Configuration parameters}configuration parameter
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	617 \index{Input token type}\index{Default input type}\agparam{default input type}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	618 if it is a \index{Token}terminal token.
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	619 \agparam{Default token type} defaults to \agcode{void}.
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	620 \agparam{Default input type} defaults to \agcode{int}.
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	621
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	622 If a production has more than one token on the left side, as in the
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	623 third example above, it is called a
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	624 \index{Semantically determined production}\index{Production}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	625 \agterm{semantically determined production}. Semantically determined
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	626 productions are a useful tool for exerting semantic control over
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	627 syntactic analysis. A semantically determined production should have
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	628 a reduction procedure which determines on a case by case basis which
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	629 of the tokens on the left side should be taken as the reduction token.
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	630 If there is no reduction procedure, or if the reduction procedure does
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	631 not make a choice, the reduction token will be the first syntactically
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	632 correct token on the left side of the production. In the example
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	633 above, \agcode{variable name} will be the reduction token unless
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	634 \agcode{look{\us}up} changes it to \agcode{function name}. Semantically
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	635 determined productions are discussed more fully in Chapter 9.
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	636
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	637 If several productions have the same left side, it does not need to be
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	638 repeated. Subsequent right hand sides must each start on a new
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	639 line. For example:
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	640
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	641 \begin{indentingcode}{0.4in}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	642 integer
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	643 -> digit
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	644 -> integer, digit
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	645
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	646 name
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	647 -> letter
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	648 -> name, letter
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	649 -> name, digit
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	650 \end{indentingcode}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	651
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	652 On the other hand, you do not have to group productions with the same
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	653 left side. You could write the above productions as follows, although
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	654 it would certainly not be good programming practice:
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	655
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	656 \begin{indentingcode}{0.4in}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	657 name -> name, digit
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	658 integer -> integer, digit
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	659 name -> name, letter
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	660 integer -> digit
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	661 name -> letter
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	662 \end{indentingcode}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	663
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	664 Nevertheless, there are a few occasions involving complex cross
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	665 recursions and semantically determined productions where it is not
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	666 possible to group productions neatly.
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	667
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	668 The right side of a production can be empty. Such a production is
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	669 called a
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	670 \index{Null productions}\index{Production}\agterm{null production}.
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	671 Null productions are useful to denote an optional element in a
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	672 grammar, or a list that may be empty. For example:
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	673
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	674 \begin{indentingcode}{0.4in}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	675 optional widget
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	676 ->
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	677 -> widget
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	678
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	679 optional qualifiers
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	680 ->
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	681 -> optional qualifiers, qualifier
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	682 \end{indentingcode}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	683
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	684 A second way to write multiple productions with the same left side
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	685 uses the \index{Vertical bar}\index{\|}vertical bar character, ``$\|$'',
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	686 to separate the grammar rules. The productions given above for
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	687 \agcode{name}, \agcode{optional widget}, and \agcode{optional
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	688 qualifiers} can also be written:
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	689
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	690 \begin{indentingcode}{0.4in}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	691 name -> letter \| name, letter \| name, digit
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	692 optional widget
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	693 -> \| widget
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	694
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	695 optional qualifiers
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	696 -> \| optional qualifiers, qualifier
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	697 \end{indentingcode}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	698
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	699 Note that a null production cannot \emph{follow} a vertical bar.
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	700
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	701 A token that has a null production is called a
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	702 \index{Zero length token}\index{Token}\agterm{zero length token},
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	703 since it can be represented by an empty sequence of input characters,
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	704 that is to say, by nothing at all. Furthermore, even if a token
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	705 doesn't have any null productions, if it has at least one rule
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	706 consisting entirely of zero length tokens it is also a zero length
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	707 token. In the Token Table window, AnaGram notes which tokens are zero
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	708 length, because they can be a source of conflicts.
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	709
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	710 \subsection{Grammar Token}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	711
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	712 Every grammar must have a single token which produces the entire
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	713 grammar. This token is variously called the
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	714 \index{Token}\index{Grammar token}\agterm{grammar token}, the
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	715 \index{Goal token}\agterm{goal token} or the
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	716 \index{Start token}\agterm{start token}.
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	717 AnaGram provides several methods you may use to specify which token in
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	718 your grammar is the grammar token.
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	719
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	720 You may simply use the name \agcode{grammar} for the grammar token.
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	721 If you wish to use some other more descriptive name for your grammar
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	722 token, you may mark it with a following dollar sign when it appears on
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	723 the left side of a production. Alternatively, you may set the
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	724 \index{Grammar token}\index{Configuration parameters}\agparam{grammar token}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	725 configuration parameter to specify the grammar token. Here are
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	726 examples of the methods:
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	727
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	728 \begin{indentingcode}{0.4in}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	729 grammar
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	730 -> [statement \| newline]/...
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	731
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	732 program \$
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	733 -> [statement \| newline]/...
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	734
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	735 {}[ grammar token = program ]
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	736 program
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	737 -> [statement \| newline]/...
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	738 \end{indentingcode}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	739
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	740 If you should use more than one of these techniques, AnaGram resolves
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	741 the issue in the following manner: A marked token or a configuration
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	742 parameter setting always takes precedence over simply naming a token
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	743 \agcode{grammar}. If you mark more than one token or set the
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	744 configuration parameter more than once, the last setting or mark wins.
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	745
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	746 \subsection{Grammar Rules}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	747 \index{Rule}\index{Grammar rule}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	748
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	749 The part of a production to the right of the arrow is more often
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	750 called a \agterm{grammar rule}, or simply \agterm{rule}. A grammar
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	751 rule is a sequence of \index{Rule elements}\agterm{rule elements},
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	752 joined by commas, as in the examples of productions given above. Rule
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	753 elements are token names, character set expressions, virtual
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	754 productions, or immediate actions (see below). Each rule element may
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	755 be optionally followed by a parameter assignment. The entire rule may
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	756 be followed by an optional reduction procedure. A \index{Parameter
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	757 assignment}parameter assignment is a colon followed by a C variable
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	758 name. Here are some examples of rule elements with parameter
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	759 assignments:
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	760
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	761 \begin{indentingcode}{0.4in}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	762 '0-9':d
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	763 integer:n
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	764 expression:x
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	765 declaration:declaration{\us}descriptor
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	766 \end{indentingcode}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	767
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	768 The parameters you assign to tokens in your grammar rule become the
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	769 formal parameters for your \index{Reduction procedure}reduction
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	770 procedure. The data type\index{Data type}\index{Reduction procedure
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	771 arguments} of the parameter is determined by the data type for the
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	772 semantic value of the token to which it is assigned. If your grammar
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	773 rule has parameter assignments, but does not have a reduction
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	774 procedure, AnaGram will give you a warning in case the lack of a
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	775 reduction procedure is an oversight. If you don't need a reduction
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	776 procedure you may safely ignore the warning. On the other hand,
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	777 AnaGram has no way to determine whether you have failed to make
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	778 necessary parameter assignments. You won't find out until you compile
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	779 your parser, when your compiler will give you error messages for
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	780 undefined symbols.
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	781
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	782 AnaGram assigns a unique rule number to each rule in your grammar.
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	783 Rules are numbered sequentially as they are encountered in the syntax
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	784 file. AnaGram constructs rule zero itself. Rule zero normally has a
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	785 single element, the grammar token, unless you have a
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	786 \agparam{disregard} statement in your grammar. In this case there
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	787 will be two elements.
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	788
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	789 \subsection{Reduction Procedures}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	790 \index{Reduction procedure}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	791
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	792 % XXX somewhere in here it ought to say something like
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	793 % ``in the parsing literature reduction procedures are often known as
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	794 % \agterm{semantic actions}.''
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	795 % Note that R. says there's some subtle difference between the usual
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	796 % concept of semantic action and AG's concept of reduction procedure.
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	797 % I don't know what this difference is and I hope she can recall it.
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	798 %
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	799 % D. thinks this note ought to be at the end; R. wants it at the top.
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	800
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	801 A \agterm{reduction procedure} is a piece of C code which optionally
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	802 follows a production. The code is executed when your parser
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	803 identifies the production in its input. There are two forms for
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	804 reduction procedures, a short form and a long form. The short form
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	805 consists of a single C expression. The long form consists of an
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	806 arbitrary block of C code. When AnaGram builds a parser, it inspects
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	807 the grammar rule to which the procedure is attached and identifies the
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	808 parameters for the procedure. It uses these parameters as the formal
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	809 parameters for the procedure.
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	810 If the
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	811 \index{Macros}\index{Allow macros}\index{Configuration switches}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	812 \agparam{allow macros}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	813 configuration switch has not been turned off, AnaGram codes the
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	814 reduction procedure as a macro definition whenever possible.
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	815 Otherwise AnaGram codes it as a function definition. AnaGram builds
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	816 the name for a reduction procedure by appending its internal procedure
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	817 number to the string \agcode{ag{\us}rp{\us}}. Thus reduction procedures are
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	818 numbered in the order in which they are encountered in the syntax
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	819 file.
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	820
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	821 Both long and short form reduction procedures are preceded by an equal
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	822 sign which follows the production. The short form consists of a C or
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	823 C++ expression terminated by a semicolon. When the grammar rule is
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	824 reduced, the expression will be evaluated and its value will become
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	825 the value of the reduction token. The expression and the terminating
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	826 semicolon must be entirely on a single line. Note that, if you really
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	827 need to make the expression longer than will fit on one line, you can
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	828 embed a newline in a comment. Some examples of short form reduction
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	829 procedures are:
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	830
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	831 % XXX is there anything we can do about the ugly underscores?
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	832 \begin{indentingcode}{0.4in}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	833 =0;
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	834
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	835 =1;
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	836
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	837 =10*n + d-'0';
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	838
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	839 =
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	840 special{\us}processor(first{\us}parameter, second{\us}parameter);
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	841
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	842 =word{\us}count++;
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	843
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	844 =widget(constant{\us}1parameter{\us}1 + constant{\us}2parameter{\us}2 /*
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	845 {} / + constant{\us}3parameter{\us}3);
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	846 \end{indentingcode}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	847
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	848 A long form reduction procedure consists of an arbitrary block of C or
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	849 C++ code, enclosed in braces (\bra \ket). AnaGram will code the reduction
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	850 procedure as a function. To return a value for the reduction token,
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	851 simply use the \agcode{return} statement. There are effectively no
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	852 restrictions on the content or length of a reduction procedure. Of
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	853 course, if there are unbalanced braces, unterminated comments or
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	854 unterminated string literals, AnaGram will not be able to determine
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	855 where the reduction procedure ends. AnaGram treats
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	856 \index{Comments}nested comments within a reduction procedure according
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	857 to the value of the \index{Nest comments}\index{Configuration
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	858 switches}\agparam{nest comments} configuration switch at the point
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	859 where it encounters the reduction procedure.
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	860
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	861 From a practical point of view it is not usually good practice to have
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	862 a reduction procedure that is more than a few lines long since a long
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	863 procedure will hamper your overall view of your grammar. Long
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	864 reduction procedures should be written as separate named functions,
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	865 and should either be included in the embedded C portion of your syntax
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	866 file or should be included in a wholly separate module. Here is an
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	867 example of a long form reduction procedure:
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	868
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	869 \begin{indentingcode}{0.4in}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	870 =\bra
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	871 if (flag) \bra
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	872 total += x;
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	873 return identify(x);
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	874 \ket
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	875 else \bra
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	876 total = 0;
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	877 flag = 1;
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	878 return init{\us}table(x);
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	879 \ket
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	880 \ket
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	881 \end{indentingcode}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	882
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	883 If a rule does not have a reduction procedure, the semantic value of
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	884 the reduction token will be set to the \index{Semantic
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	885 value}\index{Token}\index{Value}semantic value of the first token in
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	886 the rule, unless the rule is a \index{Null productions}null
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	887 production. In the latter case, the value of the reduction token will
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	888 be set to zero.
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	889 % XXX and what if zero isn't a valid value for the type? a compiler
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	890 % error will occur.
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	891
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	892 % XXX add something like
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	893 %
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	894 % Variables appearing in reduction procedures which do not have a
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	895 % parameter assignment in the corresponding grammar rule can be
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	896 % declared globally or (file)-statically in your embedded C, or
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	897 % alternatively could be added to the parser control block using
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	898 % the \agparam{extend pcb} statement (q.v. \| See Section ....).
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	899 % (Reword this.)
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	900 %
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	901 % Should also discuss the sequencing of reduction procedure calls
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	902 % so that people understand what happens if you use such variables.
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	903 %
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	904 % also ``A reduction procedure can be used to terminate parsing for
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	905 % semantic reasons''.
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	906 %
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	907
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	908 \subsection{Immediate Actions}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	909 \index{Immediate action}\index{Action}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	910
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	911 An immediate action is a rule element that consists of executable C or
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	912 C++ code embedded within a grammar rule to be executed when it is
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	913 encountered. An immediate action is denoted by the use of an
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	914 exclamation point, \index{!}``!''. The content of an immediate action
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	915 may be written following the rules for either long form or short form
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	916 reduction procedures. As with any other rule element, it must be
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	917 separated from preceding and following rule elements by commas. In
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	918 the grammar for a simple desk calculator, one might write
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	919
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	920 \begin{indentingcode}{0.4in}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	921 transaction
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	922 -> !printf('\#');, expression:x = printf("\%d{\bs}n", x);
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	923 \end{indentingcode}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	924
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	925 % XXX s/apparent/visible/
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	926 Notice that the only apparent difference between an immediate action
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	927 and a reduction procedure is that the immediate action is preceded by
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	928 ``!'' instead of ``=''. The immediate action must be followed by a
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	929 comma to separate it from the following rule element.
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	930
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	931 Immediate actions may also be used in definitions:
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	932
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	933 \begin{indentingcode}{0.4in}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	934 prompt = !printf('\#');
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	935 \end{indentingcode}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	936
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	937 AnaGram implements an immediate action by creating a special token for
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	938 it. AnaGram then creates a single null production for the
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	939 token. Finally, the immediate action is implemented as the reduction
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	940 procedure for the null production.
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	941
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	942 For example, you could implement \agcode{prompt} by writing a null production
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	943 with a reduction procedure:
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	944
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	945 \begin{indentingcode}{0.4in}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	946 prompt
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	947 -> = printf('\#');
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	948 \end{indentingcode}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	949
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	950 This production would be equivalent to the definition above.
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	951
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	952 There are two ways, however, in which immediate actions differ from
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	953 the equivalent null production. Immediate actions may access any
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	954 parameter assignments which precede them in the rule in which they
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	955 occur. On the other hand, there is no way to assign a data type to
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	956 the semantic value, if any, returned by the immediate action.
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	957 Therefore, the type is determined by your setting of the
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	958 \index{Default token type}\index{Configuration parameters}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	959 \agparam{default token type} configuration parameter.
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	960
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	961 \subsection{Virtual Productions}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	962 \index{Virtual productions}\index{Production}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	963
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	964 Virtual productions are a convenient short form notation for common
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	965 grammatical constructs involving choice and repetition. The notation
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	966 represents an extension of notation commonly used in programming
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	967 manuals. A virtual production may be written in a grammar rule at any
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	968 place where you could write a token name, even within another virtual
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	969 production. Note that use of virtual productions is never
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	970 \emph{required}, since the equivalent productions can always be
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	971 written out explicitly instead.
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	972
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	973 When AnaGram encounters a virtual production, it replaces the virtual
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	974 production with a new token and writes appropriate productions for the
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	975 new token. When you look at your syntax tables using AnaGram windows,
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	976 you will see the productions that AnaGram generates. AnaGram keeps a
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	977 record of virtual productions, so that generally if you use the same
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	978 virtual production a second time, you get the same set of tokens and
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	979 productions that were generated the first time it was used. This is
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	980 not the case if the virtual productions contain reduction procedures
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	981 or immediate actions, since AnaGram is not equipped to determine
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	982 whether two pieces of C code are equivalent. Thus, a virtual
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	983 production that contains a reduction procedure will be unique and will
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	984 not be reused.
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	985
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	986 One disadvantage of virtual productions is that there is no way to
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	987 specify the data type of the \index{Semantic value}\index{Virtual
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	988 production}semantic value of a virtual production. Therefore, if you
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	989 have a reduction procedure within a virtual production, its return
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	990 value must be consistent with the type defined by the \index{Default
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	991 token type}\index{Configuration parameters}\agparam{default token type}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	992 configuration parameter.
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	993
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	994 The simplest virtual production is the \index{Token}\index{Optional
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	995 token}\agterm{optional token}. If \agcode{x} is an arbitrary token
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	996 name or set expression, you can indicate an optional \agcode{x} by
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	997 writing \index{?}\agcode{x?}. You may also indicate a repetition of
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	998 \agcode{x} by using the ellipsis with either \agcode{x} or \agcode{x?}.
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	999 \index{...}\index{Ellipsis}Thus \agcode{x...} represents
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1000 one or more instances of \agcode{x} and \index{?...}\agcode{x?...}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1001 represents zero or more instances of \agcode{x}. For example:
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1002
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1003 \begin{indentingcode}{0.4in}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1004 '+'?
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1005 \end{indentingcode}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1006
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1007 can be used to represent an optional plus sign, that is, a choice
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1008 between a plus sign and nothing at all. Similarly,
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1009
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1010 \begin{indentingcode}{0.4in}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1011 '{\bs}n'?...
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1012 \end{indentingcode}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1013
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1014 represents an optional sequence of newline characters.
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1015
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1016 \index{Brackets}\index{Braces}\index{\_opb\_clb}\index{[]}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1017 The next category of virtual productions uses brackets or braces to
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1018 indicate a choice among a number of enclosed grammar rules separated
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1019 by vertical bars. A single rule may also be enclosed. Note that
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1020 \emph{rules}, with following reduction procedures, are allowed, not
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1021 simply tokens.
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1022
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1023 Braces are used to indicate that one option must be chosen. Brackets
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1024 are used to indicate the choice is optional, i.e. may be omitted
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1025 altogether. The ellipsis following a set of options within brackets
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1026 or braces indicates the option may be repeated an indefinite number of
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1027 times.
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1028
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1029 You can use braces to indicate a simple choice among a number of
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1030 options. A Cobol grammar offers the following choice of equivalent
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1031 keywords:
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1032
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1033 \begin{indentingcode}{0.4in}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1034 \bra "RECORD", "IS"? \| "RECORDS", "ARE"? \ket
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1035 \end{indentingcode}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1036
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1037 \index{\_opb\_clb...}\index{ []...}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1038 You may use the ellipsis with braces to indicate an arbitrary positive
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1039 number of repetitions of the choice:
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1040
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1041 \begin{indentingcode}{0.4in}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1042 {\bra}type specifier \| storage class specifier{\ket}...
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1043 \end{indentingcode}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1044
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1045 This expression requires at least one type specifier or storage class
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1046 specifier, but will accept any number.
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1047
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1048 \index{[]}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1049 To make a choice optional, use brackets instead of braces. An
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1050 example, again drawn from a Cobol grammar, is:
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1051
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1052 \begin{indentingcode}{0.4in}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1053 {}["LIMIT", "IS"? \| "LIMITS", "ARE"?]
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1054 \end{indentingcode}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1055
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1056 \index{[]...}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1057 Ellipses may be used with brackets to indicate an arbitrary number of
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1058 choices that may be omitted altogether:
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1059
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1060 \begin{indentingcode}{0.4in}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1061 {}[argument, [',', argument]...]
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1062 \end{indentingcode}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1063
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1064 This expression describes an optional argument list with arguments
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1065 separated by commas.
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1066
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1067 If you use a null production within braces, it must be the first option:
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1068
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1069 \begin{indentingcode}{0.4in}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1070 \bra \| '+' \| '-' \ket
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1071 \end{indentingcode}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1072
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1073 Normally, you would do this only if you wanted to attach a reduction
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1074 procedure to the null production. Note that if you include a null
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1075 production within braces, and add an ellipsis after the closing brace
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1076 for repetition, your grammar will be ambiguous. Just exactly how many
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1077 times does the null production occur? Use brackets instead, and omit
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1078 the null production.
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1079
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1080 Null productions are not allowed with brackets, since they would be
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1081 intrinsically ambiguous.
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1082
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1083 The options within braces or brackets may be grammar rules of any
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1084 length or complexity and may themselves contain virtual productions of
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1085 arbitrary complexity. Nevertheless, in practice, clarity suffers as
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1086 soon as the options get very complex. Virtual productions are most
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1087 important and useful when used in simple situations. In those
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1088 situations they will enhance the clarity of your grammar.
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1089
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1090 Here is an example that is moderately complex, even though each rule
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1091 consists of a single token:
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1092
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1093 \begin{indentingcode}{0.4in}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1094 \bra{\bra}"on" \| "true"\ket = 1; \| {\bra}"off" \| "false"\ket = 0; \| integer\ket
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1095 \end{indentingcode}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1096
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1097 This example can be used to allow as input either an integer or, for
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1098 special cases, keywords. You could write this option out in the
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1099 following way:
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1100
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1101 \begin{indentingcode}{0.4in}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1102 p1
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1103 -> p2 = 1;
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1104 -> p3 = 0;
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1105 -> integer
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1106
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1107 p2
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1108 -> "on"
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1109 -> "true"
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1110
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1111 p3
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1112 -> "off"
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1113 -> "false"
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1114 \end{indentingcode}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1115
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1116 The final category of virtual production provides a notation for
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1117 \index{Alternating sequence}\agterm{alternating sequences}. An
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1118 alternating sequence is a set of choices which may be repeated
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1119 arbitrarily subject to the side condition that no choice may follow
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1120 itself, in other words, that the choices must alternate. Alternating
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1121 sequences are written with either brackets or braces depending on
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1122 whether the sequence is optional or not, followed by
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1123 \index{/...}``\agcode{/...}''. Note that the choices themselves may
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1124 allow sequences. For example:
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1125
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1126 \begin{indentingcode}{0.4in}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1127 program
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1128 -> [statement \| newline...]/..., eof
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1129 \end{indentingcode}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1130
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1131 represents a sequence of statements separated by one or more newlines.
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1132 Any two statements must be separated by one or more newline
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1133 characters, and newlines may also appear at the beginning and the end
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1134 of the program.
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1135
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1136 Null productions are not allowed within alternating sequences, since
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1137 they are intrinsically ambiguous in all cases.
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1138
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1139 \subsection{Definition Statements}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1140 \index{Definitions}\index{Definition statement}\index{Statement}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1141
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1142 A definition statement is simply a shorthand way of naming a character
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1143 set, a \index{Virtual productions}\index{Production}virtual
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1144 production, a keyword string, or an immediate action. It can also be
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1145 used for providing an alternate name for a token. Definitions have the
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1146 form:
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1147
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1148 \begin{indentingcode}{0.4in}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1149 name = \codemeta{character set}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1150 name = \codemeta{virtual production}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1151 name = \codemeta{keyword}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1152 name = \codemeta{immediate action}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1153 name = \codemeta{token name}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1154 \end{indentingcode}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1155
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1156 The name may be any name acceptable to AnaGram. The name can then be
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1157 used anywhere you might have used the expression on the right
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1158 side. \index{!}For example:
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1159
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1160 \begin{indentingcode}{0.4in}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1161 upper case letter = 'A-Z'
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1162 lower case letter = 'a-z'
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1163 letter = upper case letter + lower case letter
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1164 statement list = statement?...
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1165 while keyword = "WHILE"
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1166 prompt = !printf("Please enter name:");
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1167 \end{indentingcode}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1168
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1169 It is important to recognize that a definition statement that names a
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1170 set does not define a token. A token is defined only when the set is
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1171 used in a grammar rule, and then only if the set is used directly, not
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1172 in combination with some other set. Furthermore, if you use a
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1173 character set directly in a grammar rule, and in some other rule you
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1174 use a name that refers to the same set of characters, you will get two
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1175 different tokens. For example, if you have defined \agcode{upper case
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1176 letter} as in the above example and use both \agcode{upper case
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1177 letter} and \agcode{'A-Z'} in grammar rules, AnaGram will assign
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1178 different \index{Token number}\index{Token}\index{Number}token numbers
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1179 to accommodate any differences in attributes you may assign to the
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1180 tokens.
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1181
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1182 Renaming tokens is a convenient way to connect two independently
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1183 written portions of a grammar.
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1184 % See the C grammar in the EXAMPLES directory of your distribution
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1185 % disk for an example.
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1186
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1187 \subsection{Embedded C}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1188 \index{Embedded C}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1189
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1190 You may encapsulate C or C++ code in your syntax file by enclosing it
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1191 in braces (\bra \ket). Such pieces of code are copied to the parser file
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1192 untouched, in the order they are found in the syntax file. There may
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1193 be any number of such pieces of embedded C. The only restriction is
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1194 that they must not start on the same line as some other AnaGram
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1195 statement, and following AnaGram statements must also start on fresh
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1196 lines.
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1197
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1198 Normally, the blocks of embedded C in your syntax file are copied to
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1199 the parser file \emph{following} a set of definitions and declarations
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1200 AnaGram needs for the code it generates. However, if the \emph{first}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1201 statement in your \index{Syntax file}syntax file is a block of
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1202 embedded C, it will \emph{precede} AnaGram's definitions and
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1203 declarations. This block of embedded C is called the
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1204 \index{Prologue}\index{C prologue}``C prologue''. There are two main
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1205 reasons for this special treatment. First, you may want to have a
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1206 title and \index{Copyright notice}copyright notice in your parser. If
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1207 you include them in an initial block of embedded C they will be right
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1208 at the beginning of both your syntax file and your parser file.
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1209 Second, if some of your tokens have data type\index{Token}\index{Data
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1210 type}s other than those predefined in C or C++, you may include the
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1211 definitions here, so they will be available to the code AnaGram
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1212 generates.
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1213
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1214 AnaGram scans embedded C only insofar as is necessary to find the
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1215 closing right brace. Therefore any braces used within embedded C must
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1216 balance properly. AnaGram skips braces enclosed in character
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1217 constants and string literals, as well as braces enclosed in
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1218 comments. It also recognizes C++ style comments that begin with
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1219 \agcode{//}. \index{Comments}Treatment of nested versus non-nested comments
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1220 is controlled by the
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1221 \index{Nest comments}\index{Configuration switches}\agparam{nest comments}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1222 configuration parameter. AnaGram will use the status of this
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1223 parameter in effect at the beginning of the section of embedded C.
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1224
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1225 AnaGram, of course, can be confused by unterminated strings,
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1226 unbalanced brackets, and unterminated comments. The most likely
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1227 outcome, in such a situation, is that AnaGram will encounter the end
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1228 of file looking for the end of the embedded C. Should this happen,
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1229 AnaGram will identify the beginning of the piece of embedded C which
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1230 caused the problem.
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1231
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1232 The code you include as embedded C, of course, has to coexist with the
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1233 code AnaGram generates. In order to keep the potential for conflicts
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1234 to a minimum, all variables and functions which AnaGram defines begin
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1235 either with the name of your parser or with the letters
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1236 \agcode{ag{\us}}. You should avoid variable names which begin with these
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1237 letters.
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1238
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1239 Reduction procedures are copied to the \index{Parser
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1240 file}\index{File}parser file in the order in which they are defined
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1241 \emph{following} all of the embedded C. Thus your reduction
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1242 procedures may freely use variables and macros defined anywhere in
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1243 your embedded C.
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1244
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1245 \subsection{Configuration Sections}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1246 \index{Configuration section}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1247
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1248 A configuration section is a special section of your syntax file
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1249 enclosed in brackets. Within a configuration section you may set the
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1250 values of configuration parameters or switches, or you may use one or
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1251 more of several available attribute statements to specify special
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1252 treatment for certain tokens. There can be as many or as few
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1253 configuration sections in your syntax file as you wish. Each
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1254 configuration section must begin on a new line. Any AnaGram statement
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1255 which follows a configuration section must also begin on a new line.
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1256
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1257 Within a configuration section, each parameter setting and each
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1258 attribute statement must begin on a new line. The rules for using
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1259 comments and continuation lines are the same as for the rest of
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1260 AnaGram.
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1261
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1262 Configuration parameters control the way AnaGram interprets your
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1263 syntax file and the way it builds your parser. A full discussion of
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1264 the use of configuration parameters, including a complete discussion
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1265 of each parameter and its default value, is given in Appendix A.
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1266
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1267 \index{Attribute statements}\index{Statement}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1268 Attribute statements comprise the
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1269 \index{Precedence declarations}precedence declarations \agparam{left},
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1270 \agparam{right}, and \agparam{nonassoc}; the \agparam{sticky}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1271 declaration; the \agparam{distinguish keywords} statement; the
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1272 \agparam{hidden} declaration; the \agparam{disregard} and
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1273 \agparam{lexeme} statements; the \agparam{enum} statement; the
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1274 \index{Reserve keywords}\agparam{reserve keywords} declaration; and
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1275 the \index{Rename macro}\agparam{rename macro} statement.
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1276
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1277 The precedence declarations and the
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1278 \index{Sticky declaration}\index{Declaration}\agparam{sticky}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1279 declaration may be used to resolve conflicts in your grammar. The
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1280 \agparam{distinguish keywords} statement may be used to control
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1281 keyword recognition. The
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1282 \index{Hidden declaration}\index{Declaration}\agparam{hidden}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1283 declaration causes certain token names not to be used when your parser
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1284 produces
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1285 \index{Syntax error}\index{Errors}\index{Error messages}syntax error
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1286 messages. You may use the \agparam{disregard} and \agparam{lexeme}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1287 statements to cause your parser to skip automatically over certain
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1288 tokens in its input. The \agparam{enum} statement is almost identical
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1289 to the enum statement in C. It can be used to assign names to input
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1290 codes in grammars which are taking input from a \index{Lexical
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1291 scanner}lexical scanner or another parser. The
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1292 \index{Reserve keywords}\agparam{reserve keywords} declaration allows
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1293 you to specify certain keywords as reserved words. The
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1294 \index{Rename macro}\agparam{rename macro} statement allows you to
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1295 override the names AnaGram uses for various macro definitions it
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1296 creates in the code it generates.
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1297
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1298 Attribute statements are discussed below. Except for
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1299 \agparam{disregard} and \agparam{rename macro} statements, attribute
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1300 statements accept lists of operands enclosed in braces (\bra \ket)
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1301 and separated by commas. A dangling comma following the last item in
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1302 a list will be ignored.
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1303
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1304 \subsection{Setting Configuration Parameters}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1305 \index{Configuration parameters}\index{Parameters}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1306
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1307 Each configuration parameter has a name that follows the AnaGram
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1308 conventions for symbol names, except that AnaGram ignores
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1309 case\index{Case sensitivity} when looking up configuration parameter
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1310 names.
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1311
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1312 There are a number of varieties of configuration parameters. The
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1313 simplest,
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1314 \index{Configuration switches}\index{Switches}configuration switches,
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1315 simply turn some feature of AnaGram on or off. These parameters need
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1316 simply be stated to turn the feature on, or negated with the tilde
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1317 (\agcode{\~{}}) to turn the feature off:
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1318
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1319 \begin{indentingcode}{0.4in}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1320 nest comments
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1321 \end{indentingcode}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1322
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1323 causes AnaGram to allow nested comments, and
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1324
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1325 \begin{indentingcode}{0.4in}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1326 \~{}nest comments
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1327 \end{indentingcode}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1328
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1329 causes AnaGram to disallow nested comments.
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1330
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1331 You may also set or reset configuration switches with explicit on or
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1332 off values:
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1333
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1334 \begin{indentingcode}{0.4in}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1335 nest comments = on
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1336 nest comments = off
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1337 \end{indentingcode}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1338
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1339 The remaining configuration parameters are assigned values using a
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1340 simple assignment statement. Depending on the parameter, the value it
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1341 takes may be the name of a token, a C variable name, a C or C++ data
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1342 type, a string constant or an integer. String constants are written
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1343 using the same rules as keyword strings, described above.
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1344
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1345 \begin{indentingcode}{0.4in}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1346 grammar token = program
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1347 parser name = widget
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1348 default token type = void *
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1349 header file name = "widget.h"
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1350 parser stack size = 50
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1351 \end{indentingcode}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1352
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1353 A number of string-valued \index{Configuration
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1354 parameters}configuration parameters are used to determine file
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1355 names and variable names. In these parameters, the \index{\#}``\#'',
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1356 \index{\_dol}``\$'', and ``\index{ \_prc}\%'' characters
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1357 are used as wild cards. In file name specifications and the
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1358 specification of the name of your parser, ``\#'' will be replaced by
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1359 the name of your syntax file. In other function and variable names
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1360 AnaGram creates while building your parser, ``\$'' will be replaced by
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1361 the name of your parser. When building enumeration constants for the
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1362 names of the tokens in your grammar, ``\%'' will be replaced by the
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1363 name of the token.
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1364
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1365 Note that when entering a Windows/DOS path name as a
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1366 value for a file name parameter you must quote any backslashes in the
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1367 path name. For example,
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1368
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1369 \begin{indentingcode}{0.4in}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1370 coverage file name = "f:{\bs\bs}sna{\bs\bs}foo.nrc"
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1371 \end{indentingcode}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1372
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1373 \subsection{Precedence Declarations}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1374 \index{Precedence declarations}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1375
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1376 AnaGram allows you to resolve shift-reduce conflicts by assigning
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1377 precedence levels to operators. There are three precedence
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1378 declarations available, beginning with the keywords
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1379 \index{Left}\agparam{left}, \index{Right}\agparam{right}, and
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1380 \index{Nonassoc}\agparam{nonassoc} respectively. Each such
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1381 declaration consists of the appropriate keyword and a list of tokens
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1382 enclosed in braces (\bra \ket). All the tokens in the list have the same
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1383 precedence, higher than tokens in any previous declaration and lower
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1384 than in any subsequent declaration. If the keyword is \agparam{left},
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1385 the tokens will group to the left. If it is \agparam{right}, they
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1386 will group to the right. If it is \agparam{nonassoc} (for
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1387 non-associative) no grouping will be assumed. Precedence declarations
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1388 must be included in a configuration section. Here are precedence
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1389 declarations appropriate to a simple desk calculator program:
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1390
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1391 \begin{indentingcode}{0.4in}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1392 {}[
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1393 left \bra '+', '-' \ket
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1394 left \bra star, '/', '\%' \ket
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1395 right \bra unary minus \ket
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1396 ]
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1397 unary minus = '-'
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1398 \end{indentingcode}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1399
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1400 Note that \agcode{unary minus} and \agcode{'-'} can have different
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1401 precedence.
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1402
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1403 Precedence declarations are one of the few instances in AnaGram where
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1404 the \index{Statements}\index{Order of statements}order of statements
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1405 is significant.
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1406
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1407 The use of precedence declarations is discussed in Chapter 9.
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1408
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1409 \subsection{``Sticky'' Declarations}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1410 \index{Sticky declaration}\index{Declaration}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1411
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1412 AnaGram provides another means for resolving shift-reduce conflicts.
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1413 You may characterize any token as ``sticky''. Then, in the case of a
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1414 \index{Shift-reduce conflict}\index{Conflicts}shift-reduce conflict
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1415 where a ``sticky'' token is the last token in the input buffer, the
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1416 conflict will be resolved by selecting the shift operation.
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1417 Intuitively, you may think of this as though the ``sticky'' token
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1418 adheres to and draws in any subsequent input that it can. ``Sticky''
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1419 declarations are included in configuration sections. They begin with
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1420 the keyword \agcode{sticky} followed by a list of tokens, separated by
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1421 commas inside braces (\bra \ket). Suppose, for instance, you wished to
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1422 pick up a line of text, skipping any leading space or tab
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1423 characters. You might write the following syntax:
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1424
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1425 \begin{indentingcode}{0.4in}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1426 white space = ' ' + '{\bs}t'
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1427
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1428 text char
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1429 -> \~{}'{\bs}n':c = do{\us}something(c);
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1430
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1431 line
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1432 -> leading white space, text char?..., '{\bs}n'
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1433
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1434 leading white space
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1435 ->
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1436 -> leading white space, white space
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1437 \end{indentingcode}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1438
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1439 Unfortunately, this syntax is ambiguous, since space and tab are
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1440 legitimate instances of both leading white space and text char. What
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1441 you really want to do is to skip white space until you find a
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1442 non-blank character and then you want to accept all characters to the
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1443 end of the line. There are two ways to address the problem. The
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1444 first is to define a special token for the first non-blank character
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1445 and, using it, to write an unambiguous grammar. This approach, while
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1446 laudable, is tedious and prolix. Instead, use \agparam{sticky} to
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1447 resolve the problem:
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1448
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1449 \begin{indentingcode}{0.4in}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1450 {}[ sticky \bra leading white space \ket ]
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1451 \end{indentingcode}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1452
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1453 Now when AnaGram analyzes your grammar, and encounters the ambiguity,
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1454 it will understand that a blank or tab that could be treated either as
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1455 leading white space or the as the first text character should be
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1456 treated as white space. Since \agcode{leading white space} is
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1457 ``sticky'', any subsequent white space adheres to it.
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1458
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1459 As with conflicts resolved with precedence levels, AnaGram lists all
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1460 conflicts that it resolves using \agcode{sticky} in the
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1461 \index{Resolved Conflicts}\index{Window}\agwindow{Resolved Conflicts
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1462 Table}, so you can verify that the conflicts have been correctly
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1463 resolved.
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1464
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1465 An important use of sticky tokens is to inhibit the recognition of
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1466 following \index{Keywords}keywords. Following a sticky token, a
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1467 keyword, which, according to your grammar, would otherwise be
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1468 legitimate input, will not be recognized if a shift action is possible
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1469 for the first character of the keyword. For example, imagine that
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1470 \agcode{name} has been defined in the conventional way, and there
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1471 exists a production with name followed immediately by the keyword
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1472 \agcode{int}. Then if, in your input, the word \agcode{print} were to
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1473 occur, your grammar would parse it as a name, \agcode{pr}, followed by
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1474 the keyword \agcode{int}. If you make \agcode{name} sticky, however,
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1475 the first letter of \agcode{int} will be seen to be an acceptable
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1476 character for \agcode{name} and the keyword will not be
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1477 recognized. Your parser will then recognize the \agcode{name} as
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1478 \agcode{print}.
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1479
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1480 \subsection{Distinguish Keywords Statement}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1481 \index{Distinguish keywords}\index{Keywords}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1482
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1483 Distinguish keywords statements are occasionally needed to prevent
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1484 keyword recognition. You may, for example, wish to prevent the
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1485 recognition of the keyword \agcode{int} when it occurs embedded in a
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1486 word such as \agcode{interval}. Of course, you need to do this only
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1487 if both the keyword and the other word are both legitimate input at
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1488 the same point in your grammar.
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1489
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1490 A distinguish keywords statement can prevent recognition of a keyword
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1491 which is embedded in another word provided at least one character of
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1492 the other word follows the keyword.
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1493
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1494 The distinguish keywords statement has the form:
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1495
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1496 \begin{indentingcode}{0.4in}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1497 distinguish keywords \bra \codemeta{list of character sets} \ket
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1498 \end{indentingcode}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1499
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1500 AnaGram compares all the characters in each keyword to the characters
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1501 included in each character set in turn. If it finds that all the
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1502 characters in a keyword are members of a particular set, it tells the
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1503 keyword recognition logic to try to match the keyword only against the
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1504 longest sequence of characters drawn from the specified set. In other
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1505 words, in order for a keyword to be recognized, the keyword
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1506 \emph{must} be followed by a character \emph{not} in the set. The set
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1507 associated with a keyword is the first one in the list which contains
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1508 all the characters found in the keyword. If you have more than one
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1509 \agparam{distinguish keywords} statement in your grammar, the lists
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1510 are tried in the order in which they appear in the grammar.
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1511
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1512 The purpose of the \agparam{distinguish keywords} statement is to
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1513 enable your parser to distinguish a keyword from the same sequence of
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1514 characters embedded within another sequence. Thus suppose that
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1515 \agcode{int} is a keyword, and, according to your grammar, could
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1516 appear in the same place as the word \agcode{integral}. If you don't
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1517 want it to be recognized as a keyword in these circumstances, you
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1518 would write the following distinguish statement:
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1519
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1520 \begin{indentingcode}{0.4in}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1521 distinguish keywords \bra 'a-z'+'A-Z' \ket
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1522 \end{indentingcode}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1523
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1524 To also inhibit recognition of \agcode{int} within \agcode{print}, you
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1525 would combine the use of the distinguish keywords statement with the
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1526 \agparam{sticky} declaration.
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1527
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1528 \subsection{``Hidden'' Declarations}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1529 \index{Hidden declaration}\index{Declaration}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1530
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1531 AnaGram provides an optional \index{Error diagnosis}error diagnosis
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1532 feature for your parser (see Chapter 9). The \agparam{hidden}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1533 declaration allows you to identify tokens that you do not wish to be
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1534 used in making up \index{Diagnostic messages}diagnostic messages.
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1535 These tokens are tokens whose names would not mean anything to your
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1536 users. The format of a ``hidden'' declaration is the same as that of
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1537 precedence and ``sticky'' declarations. Within a configuration
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1538 section, the keyword ``hidden'' is followed by a list of tokens. For
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1539 example:
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1540
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1541 \begin{indentingcode}{0.4in}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1542 {}[ hidden \bra comment head \ket ]
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1543 comment
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1544 -> comment head, "*/"
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1545
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1546 comment head
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1547 -> "/*"
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1548 -> comment head, \~{}eof
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1549 \end{indentingcode}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1550
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1551 This is an AnaGram representation of ANSI standard C comments
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1552 (non-nested). In this example the token \agcode{comment head} exists
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1553 only for convenience in writing the grammar and has no particular
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1554 meaning to an end user. On the other hand, he knows what the word
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1555 \agcode{comment} refers to. The ``hidden'' attribute will cause AnaGram's
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1556 diagnostic builder, by backing up the stack until it finds a
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1557 non-hidden token, to eschew \agcode{comment head} in favor of
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1558 \agcode{comment}.
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1559 % XXX eschew obfuscation. how about ``avoid''?
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1560
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1561 \subsection{Disregard Statement}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1562
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1563 The purpose of the
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1564 \index{Disregard statement}\index{Statement}\agparam{disregard}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1565 statement is to skip over uninteresting \index{White space}white space
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1566 and comments in your input files. The disregard statement allows you
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1567 to specify a token that should be passed over in the input to your
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1568 parser. The statement takes the form:
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1569
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1570 \begin{indentingcode}{0.4in}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1571 disregard ws
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1572 \end{indentingcode}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1573
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1574 where \agcode{ws} is a token name or character set. Disregard
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1575 statements may be placed in any configuration section.
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1576
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1577 You may have more than one disregard statement in your grammar. If
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1578 you do, AnaGram will create a shell production. For example, suppose
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1579 you write:
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1580
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1581 \begin{indentingcode}{0.4in}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1582 {}[
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1583 disregard alpha
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1584 disregard beta
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1585 ]
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1586 \end{indentingcode}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1587
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1588 AnaGram will proceed as though you had written:
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1589
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1590 \begin{indentingcode}{0.4in}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1591 gamma
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1592 -> alpha \| beta
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1593 {}[ disregard gamma ]
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1594 \end{indentingcode}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1595
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1596 It frequently happens that you wish your parser to disregard blanks or
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1597 comments, except that white space within names, numbers, strings, and
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1598 other elementary constructs is subject to special rules and thus
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1599 should not be disregarded blindly. In this case, you can use the
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1600 \agparam{lexeme} statement to declare these constructs off limits
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1601 for the disregard statement. Within these constructs, the disregard
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1602 statement will be inoperative and the admissibility of white space
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1603 will be determined solely by the productions which define these
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1604 constructs.
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1605
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1606 Outside those productions which define lexemes, you should not
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1607 generally use a token which is supposed to be disregarded. If you do,
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1608 your grammar will have conflicts, since the token could satisfy both
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1609 the explicit usage and the implicit rules set up by the disregard
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1610 statement. Such conflicts, however, are resolved automatically in
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1611 favor of your explicit use of the token. The conflicts will appear in
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1612 the \agwindow{Resolved Conflicts} window.
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1613 % XXX I'm not sure that's still true.
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1614
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1615 In order to implement the disregard statement AnaGram will redefine
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1616 some tokens in your grammar. For example, \agcode{+} may be redefined
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1617 to consist of a simple plus sign followed by optional white space:
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1618
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1619 \begin{indentingcode}{0.4in}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1620 '+'
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1621 -> '+'\%, white space?...
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1622 \end{indentingcode}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1623
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1624 The percent sign is used to indicate the original, simple plus sign
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1625 without the optional white space attached. You will probably notice
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1626 the percent sign appearing in some windows and traces. In earlier
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1627 versions of AnaGram, the degree sign, ``\agcode{\degrees}'', was used rather
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1628 than ``\agcode{\%}''.
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1629
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1630 \subsection{Lexeme Statement}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1631
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1632 The ``lexeme'' \index{Statement}\index{Lexeme statement}statement is
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1633 used to fine-tune the disregard statement.
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1634 The lexeme statement takes the form:
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1635
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1636 \begin{indentingcode}{0.4in}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1637 {}[ lexeme \bra \codemeta{nonterminal token list} \ket ]
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1638 \end{indentingcode}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1639
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1640 where \textit{nonterminal token list} is a list of nonterminal tokens
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1641 separated by commas.
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1642 Lexeme statements may be placed in any configuration section, and
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1643 there may be any number of them.
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1644
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1645 When you specify that a token is to be disregarded, AnaGram rewrites
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1646 your grammar so that the token will be passed over whenever it occurs
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1647 at the beginning of a file or following a lexical unit, or
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1648 \agterm{lexeme}. If you have no \agparam{lexeme} statement, then the
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1649 lexemes in your grammar are just the terminal tokens.
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1650
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1651 The \agparam{lexeme} statement allows you to specify that certain
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1652 nonterminal tokens are also to be treated as lexemes. This means that
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1653 the disregard token will be skipped following the lexeme, but not
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1654 between the characters that constitute the lexeme.
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1655
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1656 Lexemes correspond to the tokens that a lexical scanner, if you were
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1657 using one, would commonly identify and pass to a parser as single
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1658 tokens. You don't usually wish to disregard white space within these
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1659 tokens. For example, in a grammar for a conventional programming
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1660 language where blank characters are to be disregarded, you might
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1661 include:
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1662
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1663 \begin{indentingcode}{0.4in}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1664 {}[ lexeme \bra string, character constant, name, number \ket ]
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1665 \end{indentingcode}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1666
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1667 since blank characters must not be overlooked within strings and
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1668 character constants and should not be permitted within names or
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1669 numbers.
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1670
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1671 Normally, AnaGram considers the disregard token to be optional;
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1672 however there are circumstances where treating the disregard token as
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1673 optional would lead to conflicts: two successive names, or two
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1674 successive numbers, for example. In this case, you would like to
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1675 require that the lexemes be separated by instances of the disregard
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1676 token. To do this, simply set the
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1677 \index{Distinguish lexemes}\index{Configuration switches}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1678 \agparam{distinguish lexemes}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1679 configuration switch.
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1680 When this switch is set, AnaGram will ensure that disregard tokens
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1681 will be required in those situations where making them optional would
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1682 lead to conflicts.
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1683
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1684 White space may be used explicitly within definitions of lexeme tokens
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1685 in your grammar if desired, without causing conflicts. Thus, if you
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1686 wish to allow embedded space in variable names, you might write:
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1687
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1688 \begin{indentingcode}{0.4in}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1689 {}[
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1690 disregard space
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1691 lexeme \bra variable name \ket
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1692 ]
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1693 space = ' ' + '{\bs}t'
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1694 letter = 'a-z' + 'A-Z'
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1695 digit = '0-9'
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1696
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1697 variable name
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1698 -> letter
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1699 -> variable name, letter + digit
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1700 -> variable name, space..., letter + digit
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1701 \end{indentingcode}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1702
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1703 \subsection{Enum Statement}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1704 \index{Enum statement}\index{Enumeration}\index{Token}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1705
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1706 The \agparam{enum} statement follows rules nearly identical to those
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1707 for C and C++. This makes it possible to copy an enum statement from
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1708 your syntax file to a program file written in either C or C++, without
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1709 any need for editing. The only differences are that AnaGram makes no
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1710 provision for blank lines within the enumeration list, nor does it
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1711 accept a type name. The \agparam{enum} statement is equivalent to a
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1712 corresponding set of definition statements. It is especially useful
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1713 when a parser is accepting token input from another program, a
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1714 \index{Lexical scanner}lexical scanner, for example. Using
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1715 the enum statement you may conveniently define all the identification
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1716 codes for the input tokens.
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1717
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1718 Each entry in an enum statement may be either a name, or a name
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1719 followed by an ``='' sign and a character representation. If there is
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1720 a character representation the name is assigned the value of the
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1721 specified character. Otherwise it is assigned a value one more than
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1722 that assigned to the previous name. If the first name in the list is
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1723 not given an explicit value, it will be given the value zero. For
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1724 example:
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1725
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1726 \begin{indentingcode}{0.4in}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1727 {}[
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1728 enum \bra
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1729 eof, a,b,c,
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1730 blank = '\ ', x, y
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1731 \ket
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1732 ]
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1733 \end{indentingcode}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1734
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1735 is equivalent to the following definition statements
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1736
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1737 \begin{indentingcode}{0.4in}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1738 eof = 0
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1739 a = 1
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1740 b = 2
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1741 c = 3
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1742 blank = '\ '
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1743 x = 33
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1744 y = 34
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1745 \end{indentingcode}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1746
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1747 \subsection{Subgrammar Declarations}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1748 \index{Subgrammar declaration}\index{Declaration}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1749
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1750 A \agparam{subgrammar} declaration can be a useful way to deal with
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1751 conflicts in certain situations. It tells AnaGram to treat the tokens
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1752 listed in the declaration as though they were each grammar tokens,
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1753 each specifying a complete subgrammar in itself, and, in determining
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1754 shift and reduction actions, to ignore the usage of the tokens in the
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1755 larger grammar.
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1756
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1757 In some cases it is perfectly reasonable to ignore usage. The most
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1758 common example occurs when building a lexical scanner for a language
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1759 such as C as in the example in Section 7.4.4. In this case, you can
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1760 write a complete grammar for a C token with no difficulty. But if you
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1761 try to extend it to a sequence of tokens, you get scores of conflicts.
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1762 This situation arises because you specify that any C token can follow
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1763 another, when in actual practice, an identifier, for example, cannot
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1764 follow another identifier without some intervening space or
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1765 punctuation.
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1766
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1767 It is theoretically possible, but in practice quite awkward, to write
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1768 a grammar for a sequence of tokens so that there are no conflicts.
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1769 The subgrammar declaration provides a way around this problem by
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1770 telling AnaGram that when it is looking for reducing tokens for any
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1771 rule produced directly or indirectly by a subgrammar token, it should
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1772 disregard the usage of the token and only consider usage internal to
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1773 the definition of the subgrammar token, as though the subgrammar token
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1774 were the start token of the grammar.
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1775
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1776 The subgrammar declaration is made in a configuration section and
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1777 consists of the keyword \agcode{subgrammar} followed by a list of one
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1778 or more nonterminal token names, separated by commas and enclosed in
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1779 braces (\bra \ket). For example:
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1780
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1781 \begin{indentingcode}{0.4in}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1782 {}[ subgrammar \bra C token, word \ket ]
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1783 \end{indentingcode}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1784
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1785 Since the subgrammar statement changes the way AnaGram determines
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1786 reducing tokens, it should be used with caution. You should be sure
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1787 that the conflicts you are eliminating are really inconsequential.
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1788
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1789 \subsection{Reserve Keywords Declaration}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1790 \index{Reserve keywords}\index{Keywords}\index{Keyword anomalies}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1791
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1792 The \agparam{reserve keywords} declaration can be used to specify a
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1793 list of keywords that are reserved and cannot be used except as
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1794 explicitly specified in the grammar. This enables AnaGram to avoid
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1795 issuing meaningless keyword anomaly diagnostics (see \S 7.5). AnaGram
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1796 does not automatically presume that keywords are also reserved words,
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1797 since in many grammars there is no need to specify reserved words.
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1798
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1799 The reserve keywords declaration is made in a configuration section
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1800 and consists of the words \agcode{reserve keywords} followed by a list
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1801 of one or more keyword strings, separated by commas and enclosed in
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1802 braces (\bra \ket). For example:
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1803
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1804 \begin{indentingcode}{0.4in}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1805 {}[ reserve keywords \bra "int", "char", "float", "double" \ket ]
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1806 \end{indentingcode}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1807
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1808 \subsection{Rename Macro Statement}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1809 \index{Rename macro}\index{Macros}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1810
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1811 AnaGram uses a number of macros in its generated code. It is
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1812 possible, therefore, to run into naming collisions with other
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1813 components of your program. The \agparam{rename macro} statement
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1814 allows you to change the name AnaGram uses for a particular macro to
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1815 avoid these problems. For example, the Windows NT operating system
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1816 uses \agcode{CONTEXT} structures to perform various internal
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1817 operations. If you use the context tracking option (see \S 9.5.4)
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1818 your parser will have a macro called \agcode{CONTEXT}. To avoid the
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1819 name collision, add the following statement to any configuration
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1820 section in your grammar:
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1821
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1822 \begin{indentingcode}{0.4in}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1823 rename macro CONTEXT AG{\us}CONTEXT
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1824 \end{indentingcode}
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1825
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1826 Then, simply use \agcode{AG{\us}CONTEXT} where you would otherwise have
13d2b8934445 Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial. David A. Holland parents: diff changeset	1827 used \agcode{CONTEXT}.

Mercurial > ~dholland > hg > ag > index.cgi

annotate doc/manual/sf.tex @ 23:cac4c76600eb