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Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial.
author David A. Holland
date Sat, 22 Dec 2007 17:52:45 -0500
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1 <!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 3.2//EN">
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2 <HTML>
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3 <HEAD>
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4 <TITLE>Summary of AnaGram Notation</TITLE>
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5 </HEAD>
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6
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7 <BODY BGCOLOR="#ffffff" BACKGROUND="tilbl6h.gif"
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8 TEXT="#000000" LINK="#0033CC"
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9 VLINK="#CC0033" ALINK="#CC0099">
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10
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11 <P>
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12
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13 <IMG ALIGN="right" SRC="images/agrsl6c.gif" ALT="AnaGram"
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14 WIDTH=124 HEIGHT=30>
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15 <BR CLEAR="all">
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16 Back to <A HREF="index.html">Index</A>
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17 <P>
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18 <IMG ALIGN="bottom" SRC="images/rbline6j.gif" ALT="----------------------"
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19 WIDTH=1010 HEIGHT=2 >
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20
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21 <BR CLEAR="all">
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22
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23
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24 <H1 ALIGN="LEFT">Summary of AnaGram Notation</H1>
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25 <IMG ALIGN="bottom" SRC="images/rbline6j.gif" ALT="----------------------"
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26 WIDTH=1010 HEIGHT=2 >
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27 </P>
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28 <BR>
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29
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30 The rules for using AnaGram are given in Chapters 8 and 9 of
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31 the AnaGram User's Guide. This page contains a brief summary.
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32 Section headings and terms which appear in <b> bold face</b> can be found
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33 in the online <b> Help Topics</b>.
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34 <P>
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35 <BR>
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36
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37 <H2>Lexical Conventions</H2>
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38 AnaGram allows the free use of spaces, tabs and <b> comments</b>.
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39 Both C style and C++ style comments are allowed. Blank lines are
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40 allowed, but only <i>between</i> statements.
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41 <p>
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42 AnaGram statements may continue onto following lines as long
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43 as they are clearly incomplete. Normally this rule is satisfied by
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44 dangling punctuation or open parentheses, brackets, or braces. In no
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45 case can a statement continue over a blank line.
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46 <P>
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47 <BR>
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48
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49 <H2>Names</H2>
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50 Symbol names must begin with a letter or underscore, and may
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51 contain letters, digits, or underscores. They may also contain embedded spaces, tabs, and comments. Any sequence of embedded
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52 space, however, is replaced by a single blank character.
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53 <p>
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54 The names <b> eof</b>, <b> error</b>, and <b> grammar</b> have special meanings.
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55 <P>
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56 <BR>
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57
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58 <H2>Character Representations</H2>
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59 You may represent a character using the same rules as for
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60 <b> character constants</b> in C. You may also use signed integers, using
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61 either decimal, octal or hexadecimal formats, again following the
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62 rules for C. You may specify control characters using ^, e.g., ^C.
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63 <P>
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64 <BR>
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65
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66 <H2>Character Ranges</H2>
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67 Character ranges may be specified either in the form 'a-z' or
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68 with two simple characters separated by "..", e.g, 32..255.
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69 <P>
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70 <BR>
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71
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72 <H2>Character Sets</H2>
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73 Use the following operators for more complex character sets:
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74 <DL>
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75 <DT>Set <b> union</b></DT><DD>A + B</DD>
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76 <DT>Set <b> difference</b></DT><DD>A - B</DD>
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77 <DT>Set <b> intersection</b></DT><DD>A &amp; B</DD>
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78 <DT>Set <b> complement</b></DT><DD>~A</DD>
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79 </DL>
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80
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81 AnaGram interprets a single character to mean the set containing
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82 only the character itself.
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83 <P>
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84 <BR>
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85
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86 <H2>Keywords</H2>
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87 A character string enclosed in double quotes is a <B>keyword</B>. The
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88 rules for writing keyword strings are the same as for literal strings
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89 in C. AnaGram parsers have special lookahead logic to recognize
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90 keywords, so that keywords get special treatment. They are <i>not</i>
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91 equivalent to the corresponding sequence of single characters.
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92 <P>
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93 <BR>
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94
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95 <H2>Tokens</H2> The units of a grammar are called <A
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96 HREF="gloss.html#Token">tokens</A>. <A HREF="gloss.html#Terminal">
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97 Terminal tokens </A>may be <b> character sets</b>, <b> keywords</b>,
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98 <b> immediate actions</b>, or <b> virtual productions</b>. <A
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99 HREF="gloss.html#Nonterminal"> Nonterminal tokens</A> are defined
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100 in terms of other tokens by means of productions. <P> <BR>
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101
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102 <H2>Productions</H2>
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103 A <A HREF="gloss.html#Production">production</A> consists of one or more
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104 token names on the left, an arrow ( <CODE>-&gt;</CODE> ), and a
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105 <A HREF="gloss.html#GrammarRule">
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106 grammar rule</A> on the right. A production with more than one name on
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107 the left is called a <A HREF="gloss.html#SemanticallyDetermined">
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108 semantically determined production</A>. Additional productions with
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109 the same left side may be joined by using | or another arrow. The
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110 arrow, if used, must start a new line.
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111
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112 <P> If the token on the left
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113 side of a production is called <i>grammar</i> or is tagged with a
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114 following dollar sign, it is taken to be the <A
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115 HREF="gloss.html#GrammarToken"> grammar token</A>, or goal token for
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116 the grammar.
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117
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118 <P> The names on the left side of a
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119 production may be preceded by a type cast indicating the data type of
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120 the <A HREF="gloss.html#SemanticValue"> semantic value</A> of the
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121 named tokens.
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122
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123 <P> A grammar rule is a sequence of <A HREF="gloss.html#RuleElement">
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124 rule elements</A> joined by commas. The rule elements may be <b>
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125 character sets</b>, <b> keywords</b>, <b> token names</b>, <b> virtual
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126 productions</b>, or <b> immediate actions</b>.
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127
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128 <P> A <A HREF="gloss.html#VirtualProduction">virtual
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129 production</A> is a token name or character set expression followed by
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130 ? or ?..., or a sequence of one or more rules, joined by vertical bars
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131 ( | ) , inside brackets or braces and optionally followed by an
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132 ellipsis (...). The ? indicates an optional token. Braces indicate a
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133 choice among the listed rules. Brackets indicate an optional choice.
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134 The ellipsis represents unlimited repetition. <P> <BR>
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135
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136 <H2>Reduction Procedures</H2>
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137 A <A HREF="gloss.html#ReductionProcedure">reduction procedure</A> is a
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138 piece of C or C++ code following a grammar rule that is to be executed
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139 when the rule is recognized in the parser's input stream. Reduction
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140 procedures may be short form: a single expression followed by a
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141 semicolon, or long form: a block of code enclosed in braces. In either
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142 case they are preceded by an equal sign. Short form procedures may not
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143 continue onto another line.
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144
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145 <P> Reduction procedures may access the
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146 <A HREF="gloss.html#SemanticValue"> semantic values</A> of tokens in
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147 the grammar rule to which they are attached. To each token whose value
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148 is needed append a colon and the variable name used for the token value
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149 in the reduction procedure. In a short form reduction procedure, the
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150 value of the expression is assigned to the <A
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151 HREF="gloss.html#ReductionToken"> reduction token</A>, the token on
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152 the left side of the production. In a long form procedure, use the
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153 return statement to assign a value to the token on the left side of the
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154 production. <p> An <b> immediate action</b> differs from a reduction
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155 procedure in that it may occur in the middle of a grammar rule. To
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156 distinguish it from a reduction procedure, it begins with an
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157 exclamation point rather than an equal sign. <P> <BR>
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158
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159 <H2>Definitions</H2>
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160 You may assign names to frequently used character sets, virtual
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161 productions, keywords, or immediate actions by using a definition
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162 statement consisting of a name, an equal sign and the entity to be
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163 named.
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164 <P>
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165 <BR>
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166
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167 <H2>Configuration Section</H2>
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168 A configuration section is a block of special statements enclosed
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169 in brackets. These are either <b> attribute statements</b> or assign values
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170 to <b> configuration parameters</b> or switches, all of which are
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171 described in on-line help windows.
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172 <P>
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173 <BR>
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174
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175 <H2>Embedded C</H2>
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176 You may include C or C++ code to support your reduction
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177 procedures at any point in your grammar by enclosing it in braces.
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178 The beginning brace must be on a fresh line, and no other statement
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179 may follow on the same line as the terminating brace. A
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180 block of embedded C at the very beginning of a <b> syntax file</b> is
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181 called the <b> C prologue</b>.
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182
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183 <P>
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184 <BR>
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185
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186 <IMG ALIGN="bottom" SRC="images/rbline6j.gif" ALT="----------------------"
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187 WIDTH=1010 HEIGHT=2 >
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188 <P>
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189 <IMG ALIGN="right" SRC="images/pslrb6d.gif" ALT="Parsifal Software"
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190 WIDTH=181 HEIGHT=25>
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191 <BR CLEAR="right">
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192 <P>
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193 Back to <A HREF="index.html">Index</A>
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194 <P>
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195 <ADDRESS><FONT SIZE="-1">
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196 AnaGram parser generator - documentation<BR>
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197 Summary of AnaGram Notation<BR>
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198 Copyright &copy; 1993-1999, Parsifal Software. <BR>
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199 All Rights Reserved.<BR>
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200 </FONT></ADDRESS>
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201
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202 </BODY>
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203 </HTML>