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Import AnaGram (near-)release tree into Mercurial.
author David A. Holland
date Sat, 22 Dec 2007 17:52:45 -0500
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1 <!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 3.2//EN">
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2 <HTML>
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3 <HEAD>
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4 <TITLE>Macro/Argument Substitution Module - Macro preprocessor and C Parser </TITLE>
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5 </HEAD>
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6
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7
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8 <BODY BGCOLOR="#ffffff" BACKGROUND="tilbl6h.gif"
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9 TEXT="000000" LINK="0033CC"
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10 VLINK="CC0033" ALINK="CC0099">
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11
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12 <P>
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13 <IMG ALIGN="right" SRC="../../images/agrsl6c.gif" ALT="AnaGram"
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14 WIDTH=124 HEIGHT=30 >
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15 <BR CLEAR="all">
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16 Back to :
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17 <A HREF="../../index.html">Index</A> |
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18 <A HREF="index.html">Macro preprocessor overview</A>
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19 <P>
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20
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21 <IMG ALIGN="bottom" SRC="../../images/rbline6j.gif" ALT="----------------------"
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22 WIDTH=1010 HEIGHT=2 >
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23 <P>
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24 <H1> Macro/Argument Substitution Module - Macro preprocessor and C Parser </H1>
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25
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26 <IMG ALIGN="bottom" SRC="../../images/rbline6j.gif" ALT="----------------------"
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27 WIDTH=1010 HEIGHT=2 >
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28 <P>
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29
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30 <H2>Introduction</H2>
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31 <P>
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32
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33 The Macro/Argument Substitution module, MAS.SYN,
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34 accomplishes the following tasks:
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35 <OL>
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36 <LI> It can scan the body of a macro, to identify and
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37 substitute for parameters and macro calls. </LI>
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38 <LI> It can scan the set of arguments for a macro call
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39 embedded within another macro, only substituting
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40 arguments to the outer macro for parameters found
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41 within arguments to the inner call. </LI>
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42 <LI> It can scan the argument to a macro for macro calls
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43 prior to substituting the argument for a parameter. </LI>
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44 <LI> It can recognize the "##" operator and paste two tokens
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45 together. </LI>
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46 <LI> It can recognize the "#" operator and turn a macro
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47 argument into a string. </LI>
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48 </OL>
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49 The macro/argument substitution parser, mas(), is called
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50 from a shell function, expand_text(). expand_text() is, in
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51 turn, called by expand_macro() and expand_arg(). Output from
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52 mas() is accumulated on the token_accumulator, ta.
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53 <P>
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54 <BR>
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55
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56 <H2> Theory of Operation </H2>
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57
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58 The primary purpose of mas() is to scan sequences of tokens
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59 for macro calls and parameter names and to do the indicated
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60 substitutions. At the same time it must correctly handle the
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61 "##" and '#' operators both of which inhibit macro expansion
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62 of their operands. Thus the entire grammar is structured
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63 around the requirements for these two operators.
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64 <P>
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65 A further complication is the handling of white space.
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66 White space within a macro argument cannot be deleted, since
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67 otherwise the '#' operator would not provide a correct
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68 result. Thus, in numerous circumstances in this grammar, it
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69 is not clear what to do with white space at the time it is
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70 encountered. For this reason, any particular sequence of
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71 white space tokens is saved up on a temporary stack,
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72 space_stack, which can be output later or simply
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73 disregarded.
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74 <P>
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75 Like TS.SYN, MAS.SYN must have special syntax for
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76 accumulating the arguments of macro calls. The differences
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77 between the two grammars arise from the fact that TS.SYN is
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78 converting an ascii representation to a token
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79 representation, while MAS.SYN already has token input.
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80 <P>
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81 <BR>
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82
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83 <H2> Elements of the Macro/Argument Substitution Module </H2>
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84
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85
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86 The remainder of this document describes the macro
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87 definitions, the structure definitions, the static data
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88 definitions, all configuration parameter settings, and all
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89 non-terminal parsing tokens used in the macro/argument
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90 substitution module. It also explains each configuration
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91 parameter setting in the syntax file. In MAS.SYN, each
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92 function that is defined is preceded by a short explanation
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93 of its purpose.
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94 <P>
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95 <BR>
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96
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97 <H2> Macro Definitions </H2>
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98
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99 <DL>
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100 <DT> INPUT_CODE
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101 <DD> Since this grammar uses "input values" and "pointer input",
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102 the parser needs to know how to extract the identification
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103 code for an input token from the item identified by the
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104 pointer. The parser expects this macro to be appropriately
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105 defined. Here it is defined so that it extracts the id field
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106 of the token.
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107
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108 <DT> PCB
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109 <DD> Since the "declare pcb" switch has been turned off, PCB has
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110 to be defined manually.
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111
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112 <DT> SYNTAX_ERROR
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113 <DD> This definition of SYNTAX_ERROR overrides the default
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114 definition provided by AnaGram.
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115 </DL>
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116 <P>
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117 <BR>
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118
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119 <H2> Static variables </H2>
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120
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121 <DL>
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122 <DT> active_macros
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123 <DD> Type: stack<unsigned>
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124 <P>
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125 This is a multilevel stack used to keep track of which
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126 macros have been invoked in any particular expansion. If,
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127 after an expansion pass it is determined that the result of
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128 a concatenation is a macro name, all the macros which have
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129 been expanded so far are marked busy and the text is scanned
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130 again. Once there is no need for further scans, the busy
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131 flags are turned off. The stack is multi-level so that it
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132 can nest easily for recursive usage.
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133
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134 <DT> args
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135 <DD> Type: token **
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136 <P>
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137 "args" is an array of pointers to token strings. It is the
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138 set of argument strings for the macro currently being
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139 expanded.
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140
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141 <DT> args_only
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142 <DD> Type: int
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143 <P>
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144 "args_only" is a switch to tell the macro/argument
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145 substitution logic only to make argument substitutions and
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146 not to expand macros. In id_macro it is interrogated and if
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147 set, NAME tokens are not checked to see if they identify
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148 macros.
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149
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150 <DT> mas_pcb
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151 <DD> Type: mas_pcb_type *
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152 <P>
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153 This variable contains a pointer to the currently active
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154 parser control block for mas(). It is saved, set and
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155 restored in expand_text().
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156
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157 <DT> n_concats
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158 <DD> Type: int
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159 <P>
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160 This variable is used to count the number of concatenation
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161 operations that result in a macro name in the course of a
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162 single scan for macros. If it is non-zero, the text is
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163 rescanned.
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164
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165 <DT> n_args
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166 <DD> Type: int
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167 <P>
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168 This variable specifies the number of arguments for the
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169 current macro being expanded.
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170
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171 <DT> params
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172 <DD> Type: unsigned *
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173 <P>
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174 This variable is a pointer to a list of n_args unsigned
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175 integers. The integers are the indices in the token
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176 dictionary of the parameter names for the macro currently
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177 being expanded.
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178
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179 <DT> space_stack
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180 <DD> Type: token_accumulator
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181 <P>
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182 In a number of places in this grammar, it is necessary to
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183 pass over white space tokens without knowing whether they
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184 are to be output or disregarded. "space_stack" provides a
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185 place to store them temporarily until the decision can be
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186 made. Remember that within macro arguments spaces can be
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187 significant, and therefore must not be discarded
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188 prematurely.
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189 </DL>
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190 <P>
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191 <BR>
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192
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193 <H2> Configuration Parameters </H2>
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194 <DL>
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195
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196 <DT> ~allow macros
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197 <DD> This statement turns off the allow macros switch so that
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198 AnaGram implements all reduction procedures as explicit
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199 function definitions. This simplifies debugging at the cost
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200 of a slight performance degradation.
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201
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202 <DT> ~backtrack
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203 <DD> This statement turns off the backtrack switch. This means
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204 that if the token scanner encounters a syntax error, it will
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205 not undo default reductions that may have been caused by the
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206 bad input before it generates diagnostics.
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207
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208 <DT> context type = location
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209 <DD> This statement specifies that the generated parser is to
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210 track context automatically. The context variables have type
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211 "location". location is defined elsewhere to consist of two
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212 fields: line number and column number.
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213
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214 <DT> ~declare pcb
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215 <DD> This statement tells AnaGram not to declare a parser control
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216 block for the parser. Access to the parser control block is
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217 through a pointer. Actual allocation of storage and setting
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218 of the pointer takes place in expand_text().
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219
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220 <DT> default input type = token
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221 <DD> This statement tells AnaGram how to code reduction procedure
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222 calls that involve input tokens.
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223
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224 <DT> enum
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225 <DD> This enumeration statement provides definitions for terminal
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226 tokens. The same enum statement is found in EX.SYN, in
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227 JRC.SYN, in KRC.SYN and in MPP.H.
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228
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229 <DT> ~error frame
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230 <DD> This turns off the error frame portion of the automatic
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231 syntax error diagnostic generator, since the context of the
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232 error in the macro substition syntax is of little interest.
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233 If an error frame were to be used in diagnostics that of the
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234 C parser would be more appropriate.
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235
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236 <DT> error trace
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237 <DD> This turns on the error trace function, so that if the token
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238 scanner encounters a syntax error it will write an .etr
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239 file.
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240
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241 <DT> input values
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242 <DD> This switch tells AnaGram that the input units carry some
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243 baggage, that they have values apart from their identifying
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244 code. Since this grammar uses pointer input, an INPUT_CODE
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245 macro must also be defined.
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246
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247 <DT> ~lines and columns
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248 <DD> Turns off the lines and columns switch so your parser won't
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249 try to track them here where they certainly make no sense.
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250
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251 <DT> line numbers
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252 <DD> This statement causes AnaGram to include #line statements in
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253 the parser file so that your compiler can provided
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254 diagnostics keyed to your syntax file.
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255
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256 <DT> pointer input
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257 <DD> This statement tells AnaGram that the input to mas() is an
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258 array in memory that can be scanned simply by incrementing a
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259 pointer. Since the input tokens are not simply characters, a
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260 pointer type statement is required and the INPUT_CODE macro
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261 must be defined.
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262
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263 <DT> pointer type = token *
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264 <DD> This statement provides the C data type of the input units
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265 to the parser. If this statement were omitted, pointer type
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266 would default to unsigned char *, and your compiler would
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267 scold when it tried to compile the parser.
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268
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269 <DT> subgrammar parse unit
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270 <DD> This statement tells AnaGram that the specifications for
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271 parse unit are internallly complete and that it should not
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272 determine reductions by inspecting following tokens.
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273
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274 <DT> ~test range
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275 <DD> This statement tells AnaGram not to check input characters
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276 to see if they are within allowable limits. This checking is
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277 not necessary since the input to mas() has been generated in
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278 such a way that it cannot possibly get an out of range
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279 token.
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280 </DL>
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281 <P>
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282 <BR>
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283
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284 <H2> Grammar Tokens </H2>
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285 <DL>
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286 <DT> arg element
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287 <DD> An "arg element" is a discrete token in an argument to a
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288 macro or a sequence of "nested elements".
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289
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290 <DT> arg elements
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291 <DD> A sequence of "arg element".
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292
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293 <DT> concatenation
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294 <DD> These productions implement the "##" operator. "parameter
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295 name" is distinguished on the right side to avoid improper
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296 macro expansions.
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297
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298 <DT> defined
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299 <DD> See "variable". "defined" is the special operator available
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300 in #if and #elif statements to determine whether a macro has
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301 been defined. It is recognized only if "if_clause" has been
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302 set.
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303
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304 <DT> grammar
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305 <DD> "grammar" simply describes the complete input to MAS. Since
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306 "grammar" is a special name recognized by AnaGram, there is
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307 no need for any further specification of the "start token"
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308 for the grammar.
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309
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310 <DT> left side
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311 <DD> This refers to a "##" operator, its left operand, and any
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312 intervening white space. The cross recursion with
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313 "concatenation" allows for constructs of the form A ## B ##
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314 C, with grouping to the left.
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315
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316 <DT> macro
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317 <DD> See "variable". This grammar distinguishes between a "simple
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318 macro" which was defined without any parameter list, and a
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319 "macro" which had an explicit, although perhaps empty,
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320 parameter list. If a "macro" appears without following
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321 parentheses, it is simply passed on without being expanded.
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322
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323 <DT> macro arg list
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324 <DD> This token counts the number of arguments to a macro, and
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325 stacks them on so many levels of the token accumulator. The
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326 logic is essentially the same as for macro arg list in
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327 TS.SYN.
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328
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329 <DT> nested elements
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330 <DD> The "nested elements" token represents a sequence of macro
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331 argument tokens enclosed in matching parentheses.
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332
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333 <DT> not parameter
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334 <DD> This token exists simply to avoid multiple copies of the
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335 same reduction procedure.
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336
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337 <DT> parameter expansion
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338 <DD> "parameter expansion" is simply a device to defer the
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339 replacement of a macro parameter name until it has been
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340 determined whether it is followed by "##", with perhaps some
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341 intervening white space.
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342
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343 <DT> parameter name
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344 <DD> See <STRONG>variable</STRONG>.
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345
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346 <DT> parse unit
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347 <DD> The major problem in expanding a macro body is dealing with
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348 the "##" operator. Since the arguments of ## are not to have
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349 their macros expanded, but only macro arguments replaced,
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350 they have to be dealt with specially. Thus "parse unit"
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351 distinguishes those tokens which are not macro parameters,
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352 "simple parse units" from the parameters and allows for
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353 recognition of the concatenation operator before it goes
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354 ahead and allows complete expansion of a macro parameter.
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355
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356 <DT> right side
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357 <DD> This token consists of anything that can follow "##" with
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358 the exception of a parameter name which needs special
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359 treatment. If the token is a macro name, the macro is not
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360 expanded.
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361
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362 <DT> simple macro
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363 <DD> See variable. A "simple macro" is one which was defined
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364 without any following parameter list.
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365
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366 <DT> simple parse unit
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367 <DD> "simple parse unit" consists of the input constructs which
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368 do not immediately involve macro parameters. It allows for
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369 complete macro expansion.
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370
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371 <DT> space
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372 <DD> The token scanner passes spaces along because they cannot be
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373 discarded until after macros have been expanded. This is
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374 because of the # operator which turns macro arguments into
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375 strings.
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376 <P>
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377 If the args_only flag is set, spaces have to be passed on to
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378 the output. Otherwise they can be discarded. These
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379 productions accumulate space tokens on a stack, so that the
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380 decision to output them or to discard them can be deferred.
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381 If they are not output, they will effectively be discarded
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382 by the reset() operation the next time a sequence of spaces
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383 is encountered.
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384
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385 <DT> variable
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386 <DD> Since a NAME token can, depending on circumstance, name a
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387 parameter a macro or the "defined" operator, a semantically
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388 determined production is used to make the distinction.
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389 "variable" is the outcome for NAME tokens that are simply to
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390 be passed on without any special treatment.
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391 </DL>
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392 <P>
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393
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394 <BR>
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395
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396 <IMG ALIGN="bottom" SRC="../../images/rbline6j.gif" ALT="----------------------"
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397 WIDTH=1010 HEIGHT=2 >
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398 <P>
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399 <IMG ALIGN="right" SRC="../../images/pslrb6d.gif" ALT="Parsifal Software"
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400 WIDTH=181 HEIGHT=25>
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401 <BR CLEAR="right">
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402
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403 <P>
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404 Back to :
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405 <A HREF="../../index.html">Index</A> |
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406 <A HREF="index.html">Macro preprocessor overview</A>
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407 <P>
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408
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409 <P>
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410 <ADDRESS><FONT SIZE="-1">
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411 AnaGram parser generator - examples<BR>
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412 Macro/Argument Substitution Module - Macro preprocessor and C Parser <BR>
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413 Copyright &copy; 1993-1999, Parsifal Software. <BR>
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414 All Rights Reserved.<BR>
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415 </FONT></ADDRESS>
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416
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417 </BODY>
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418 </HTML>
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419