SECMODEL_BSD44(9) NetBSD Kernel Developer's Manual SECMODEL_BSD44(9) NAME secmodel_bsd44 -- traditional NetBSD security model (based on 4.4BSD) SYNOPSIS #include <secmodel/bsd44/bsd44.h> #include <secmodel/bsd44/securelevel.h> #include <secmodel/bsd44/suser.h> DESCRIPTION secmodel_bsd44 is the default security model in NetBSD. It is the tradi- tional security model based on 4.4BSD and is composed of two main con- cepts, the super-user and the securelevel. Super-user The super-user is the host administrator, considered to have higher priv- ileges than other users. It is the only entity the kernel recognizes by having an effective user-id of zero. Securelevel The securelevel mechanism is intended to allow protecting the persistance of code and data on the system, or a subset thereof, from modification, even by the super-user, by providing convenient means of ``locking down'' a system to a degree suited to its environment. The super-user can raise the securelevel using sysctl(8), but only init(8) can lower it. secmodel_bsd44 provides four levels of securelevel, defined as follows: -1 Permanently insecure mode - Don't raise the securelevel on boot 0 Insecure mode - The init process (PID 1) may not be traced or accessed by ptrace(2), systrace(4), or procfs. - Immutable and append-only file flags may be changed - All devices may be read or written subject to their permissions 1 Secure mode - All effects of securelevel 0 - /dev/mem and /dev/kmem may not be written to - Raw disk devices of mounted file systems are read-only - Immutable and append-only file flags may not be removed - Kernel modules may not be loaded or unloaded - The net.inet.ip.sourceroute sysctl(8) variable may not be changed - Adding or removing sysctl(9) nodes is denied - The RTC offset may not be changed - Set-id coredump settings may not be altered 2 Highly secure mode - All effects of securelevel 1 - Raw disk devices are always read-only whether mounted or not - New disks may not be mounted, and existing mounts may only be downgraded from read-write to read-only - The system clock may not be set backwards or close to overflow - Per-process coredump name may not be changed - Packet filtering and NAT rules may not be altered Highly secure mode may seem Draconian, but is intended as a last line of defence should the superuser account be compromised. Its effects pre- clude circumvention of file flags by direct modification of a raw disk device, or erasure of a file system by means of newfs(8). Further, it can limit the potential damage of a compromised ``firewall'' by prohibit- ing the modification of packet filter rules. Preventing the system clock from being set backwards aids in post-mortem analysis and helps ensure the integrity of logs. Precision timekeeping is not affected because the clock may still be slowed. Normally, the system runs in securelevel 0 while single-user and in securelevel 1 while multi-user. If a higher securelevel is desired while running multi-user, it can be set using the securelevel keyword in the startup script /etc/rc.conf, see rc.conf(5) for details. Lower securelevels require the kernel to be compiled with options INSECURE, causing it to always default to securelevel -1. In order for this protection to be effective, the administrator must ensure that no program that is run while the security level is 0 or lower, nor any data or configuration file used by any such program, can be modified while the security level is greater than 0. This may be achieved through the careful use of the ``immutable'' file flag to define and protect a Trusted Computing Base (TCB) consisting of all such pro- grams and data, or by ensuring that all such programs and data are on filesystems that are mounted read-only and running at security level 2 or higher. Particular care must be taken to ensure, if relying upon security level 1 and the use of file flags, that the integrity of the TCB cannot be compromised through the use of modifications to the disklabel or access to overlapping disk partitions, including the raw partition. Do not overlook the fact that shell scripts (or anything else fed to an interpreter, through any mechanism) and the kernel itself are "programs that run while the security level is 0" and must be considered part of the TCB. SEE ALSO kauth(9), secmodel(9) AUTHORS Elad Efrat <elad@NetBSD.org> BUGS Systems without sysctl(8) behave as though they have security level -1. The security level 2 restrictions relating to TCB integrity protection should be enforced at security level 1. Restrictions dependent upon security level but not relating to TCB integrity protection should be selected by sysctl(8) settings available only at security level 0 or lower. NetBSD 4.0 September 19, 2006 NetBSD 4.0